Psychoanalytic Theory And Freud s Theory Of Becoming A...

Keisha! I missed you so much! I have not seen you since this past October! I know, it has been a crazy busy past few months with balancing work and school! Trust me, I completely understand; I am in the same boat with you! I think a white chocolate mocha and doughnuts are in order. How is grad school going Fill me in since I haven’t been able to catch up with you in so long! Well, it has been amazing and stressful so far. However, the idea of becoming a School Counselor is in real reach for me. My Counseling Theory class has been a real eye opener! I feel like I have learned so much in one week and also realized that I have a lot to learn still. Oh that is awesome! What are some of the things you have learned so far in the class? Well, this past week we have been discussing psychoanalytic theory and Freud. I am sure you have heard of some of Freud’s theories and thoughts before right? Oh yeah I remember some things about Freud from the psychology course I took at Thiel. Ha-Ha I thought so, awesome! Honestly, I feel that psychoanalytic theory is a little bit out there for me personally; however there is some elements to the theory that I feel can be valuable to counselors today. Freud’s thought of personality that is divided as the id, ego and superego, I believe still has a lot value to a counselor today. I have heard of those terms before, can you explain a little bit of each? Yes definitely! The id is entirely in the unconscious in which we as a person are not aware ofShow MoreRelatedMy Future Career As A Mental Health Counselor2126 Words   |  9 Pagessuccessful counselor, you must have the skills and ability to listen; especially without judgement. My desire is to work mainly with adolescents and their families inside and outside of schools; I will focus on resolving the identity versus role confusion conflict. I have enjoyed learning about the different techniques and theories of counseling; I am sure each theory is very useful in m any ways. I can see myself using different parts of each in my future career as a Mental Health Counselor. HoweverRead MoreFreud s Theory Of Personality2190 Words   |  9 PagesFreud gave counseling a unique and powerful way to look at the human mind by observing and taking note of the conscious and unconscious mind and how those thoughts could reflect human behavior. Freud also emphasized the importance of early life experiences and how they shape the human mind and behaviors. In my opinion, I believe that Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality would be the most practical approach for me to utilize in a counseling situation. His theory identifies many aspects ofRead MoreMy Own Theory Of Personality2164 Words   |  9 Pagescombination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual s distinctive character. Each person personality can be a construct of more than one personality or can follow a specific theorist personality all the way through end of life. My own theory of personality is a collaboration with other theorist ideas but with a twist. My personality theory is called Cinderella for the females and Cinderfella for the male’s theory of personality. Theoretical Eclecticism Technical eclecticism is theRead MoreSublimation Mechanism of Psychoanalytical Counselling Theory as a Tool for Addressing Juvenile Delinquency in Secondary Schools in Nigeria4142 Words   |  17 PagesPSYCHOANALYTICAL COUNSELLING THEORY AS A TOOL FOR ADDRESSING JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN NIGERIA A PAPER PRESENTED BY PROF. FATI SHUAIBU AND NTAMU BLESSING AGBO ON THE FIRST NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE FACULTY OF EDUCATION NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY KEFFI HELD IN 1000 AUDITORIUM SEAT 12TH - 14TH JUNE, 2012. ABSTRACT The present methods being utilized by teachers, counselors and administrators in dealing with cases of indiscipline and juvenile delinquency in our secondary schools have not beenRead MoreTheories Of Personality And Personality Theory4645 Words   |  19 Pagesinformative paper that explores theories of personality. The investigation that is included explains different views from past and present psychologists, from two different theories used in class during the semester. It is prevalent that a person development can suffer from behavioral and psychodynamic problems due to inconsistencies in their life growing up. This paper will discuss an eclectic view of ones personality in conjunct with a formulation of my own personality theory of development. Read MoreDebate Topics6648 Words   |  27 PagesHypnotherapy is therapy that is undertaken with a subject in hypnosis.[citation needed] The word hypnosis (from the Greek hypnos, sleep) is an abbreviation of James Braid s (1841) term neuro-hypnotism, meaning sleep of the nervous system. A person who is hypnotized displays certain unusual characteristics and propensities, compared with a non-hypnotized subject, most notably hyper-suggestibility, which some authorities have considered a sine qua non of hypnosis. For example, Clark L. HullRead MoreMID TERM STUDY GUIDE Essay16611 Words   |  67 PagesThe telephone c. The printing press *** d. The computer 2. In the 17th century two people who thought that children should be treated with thought and care were: (5) a. Locke and Rousseau *** b. Rogers and Maslow c. Dixon and Binet d. Freud and Freud 3. Adults may underestimate children’s ability to: (7) a. Learn b. Problem-solve c. Recognize reality d. All of the above *** 4. Family conditions that promote resilience include: (11) a. few alternative caretakers. b. older mothers forRead MoreThe Theory Of Counseling And Therapy Theories6153 Words   |  25 PagesSummary * Influences of Theories--How counseling theories influence your understanding of how to work with consumers with disabilities. The theories we learned provided a broad-based understanding of numerous factors related to the evolution of counseling and therapy theories and practices, along with new counseling and therapy skills. The important premise that underscores one of the central challenges of counseling and psychotherapy is that we are all in the same world, but each of us makes differentRead MoreEssay on The Defense Mechanism3463 Words   |  14 Pagesa variety of unconscious personality reactions which the ego uses to protect the conscious mind from threatening feelings and perceptions. Sigmund Freud first used defense as a psychoanalytic term (1894), but he did not break the notion into categories, viewing it as a singular phenomenon of repression. His daughter, Anna Freud, expanded on his theories in the 1930s, distinguishing some of the major defense mechanisms recognized today. Primary defense mechanisms include repression and denial, whichRead MoreThe Role Of Play Therapy On Children4628 Words   |  19 Pagestherapy and range from child psychologists, school counselors, social workers, and parents in a home-setting looking for therapy to suit their children. The research is also written in a concise and clear manner with simple terms which members of the public interested in the field can understand. It has long been disputed that play therapy is not as effective as specialists say it is. This research is fit to answer child psychology specialists of this school of thought, and let them come to a better-informed

Dissertation Introduction Free Essays

How to write a dissertation introduction? our site – FREE ESSAYS – DISSERTATION EXAMPLES You have done all your research, and now you have come to the crunch, when you have to sit down and begin writing your dissertation. The introduction is not merely a description of the contents of your dissertation. In the introduction you will have to briefly outline the research question or hypothesis you are setting out to answer and give a few of the reasons why this is a worthwhile contribution to the body of research which exists on the same broad topic. We will write a custom essay sample on Dissertation Introduction or any similar topic only for you Order Now You can also, in your introduction, outline some of your main results. The Abstract Perhaps, according to your university’s regulations, you will have to write an abstract, and this is a test of your summarizing skills, as the word limit is usually 200 words, although you should again check with your tutor and the department for the word limit requirement. In an abstract you have to outline what your research is about in essence. This will take some time although it is short, as you will need to get all the important features of your work into it. You will probably have to write quite a few drafts before you get it right, so you shouldn’t get down-hearted-everyone has problems with an abstract. Background to the Research Your introduction should begin with the background to your research, and this is especially necessary if your work covers more than one field, as you have to satisfy the marker that you have understood the concepts of both, and you need to explain some of the concepts for the marker or examiner whose specialty is only in one of the fields you have covered. This section of the introduction may, in most cases, not be required. First of all, if you do not need the above-mentioned section, you should state your aims and objectives of your research clearly. You should also give reasons why you chose this particular topic for your research. Perhaps your research is academic and building on the research work of others; if this is the case, do not be tempted to write a great deal about it here, as this will be covered in the Literature Review section. You should make this section as clear and concise as possible. You do not have to give the reasons for you choice of research methods here, as this will go into the Methodology section. Explain your Title Next you may feel the need to explain the title, most of these have two parts, divided by a colon. You may need to explain the phrase after the colon. For example:- â€Å"Principles and Practices of Teaching English as an Additional Language: A Comparison between two Schools in adjoining counties in the UK† In this case you would have to explain why you chose to compare those two schools and state, briefly what the main differences are in teaching methodology. Research Question(s) or Hypothesis The next step is that you state the specific research question or hypothesis which you have set out to answer or prove (or disprove). You will come back to this again in your conclusion. Exclusions You are almost done with your Introduction now, but can add Exclusions here. These have to be mentioned somewhere and the Introduction is as good a place as any. You could write something like: – â€Å"The scope of this research does not lend itself to a consideration of†¦ because of time constraints/space and so on. Or â€Å"The focus of this research, unlike that of previous work in this area is on†¦ while most of the other studies carried out in this area have focused on†¦. The Format of your Dissertation You will also need to describe the format of the dissertation, outlining, chapter by chapter how it becomes a coherent whole. You can leave this part until the end if that is how you would prefer to work, although it is a good idea to have mapped out the sections clearly and agreed these with your tutor before you start writing. Finally you have completed your introduction- a very good start to the dissertation! How to cite Dissertation Introduction, Essays

Design of Experiments Assignment

Questions: Aids and Questions for Article 2: Engle, T. J., and J. E. Hunton. 2001. The effects of small monetary incentives on response quality and ratss in the positive confirmation of account receivable balances. Auditing: A Journal ofPractice Theory 20(1) (March): 157-168. Aids: 1. Don't get lost in the details of the experiment. Concentrate on the main conclusions of the article and on the general method that the authors used to support their conclusions. 2. Like article I. this study us. LOG1T analysis. You may want to refer to your article I notes. Questions: 1. On p. 160, the authors assert that the audit environment has unique features that would cause one to question whether the research results of marketing and public opinion studies would apply to the audit context. For each of the factors listed by the authors, indicate how it might cause the effects of monetary incentives on response quality in auditing to differ from those in marketing/public opinion contexts. 2. The authors conclude that small monetary incentives reduce response quality. On what evidence do the authors base their conclusion? 3. Auditors confirm accounts receivable primarily for the validity (existence) assertion. What evidence, if any, does this study provide about the effectiveness of confirmations for testing the validity assertion? Is this "news" to practicing auditors? (Do not consider the effect of the small monetary incentives in answering these questions; i.e., consider the entire sample altogether.) 4. A secondary objective for accounts receivable confirmation is the valuation assertion. What evidence, if any, does this study provide about the effectiveness of confirmations with respect to the valuation assertion? (Hint: Estimate the detection risk associated with confirmations in this study.) Is this -news" to practicing auditors? (Again, do not consider the effect of the small monetary incentives in answering these questions; i.e., group all the incentive conditions together.) 5. Answer either a. or b.: a. What methods (other than monetary incentives) could be used to increase response rate? b. What methods (other than monetary incentives) could be used to increase response quality? Answers: 1. In current era, as the discussion takes place and according to theories and researches, the effect of monetary incentives on response quality is not clear. In most of studies and researches while clarifying this issue, observation on survey of marketing or public opinion polling takes place. Whereas many things such as whether monetory incentives affect response quality in audit confirmation applications still remains question. Investigating the impact of small monitory incentives on response quality of confirmation request is primary goal of this research. It is clear that response rates and quality related to each other. Thus collection and examination of these factors takes place. 2. Authors concluded that the small monetary incentives reduce response quality. For the testing of their claim or hypothesis, they use the statistical test of hypothesis for proving that claim whether the small monetary incentives reduce the response quality or not. They use the statistical tests like t-test or ANOVA and then by using the p-value getting for this test, they reject or do not reject the null hypothesis regarding their claim. 3. To test the validity assertion, the effectiveness of confirmation is effective factor because we get variation factors due to this reason. Taking entire sample of monetary incentives we get the variation pattern among the different incentives. For this case, we choose entire sample by ignoring the small monetary incentives. 4. The estimated detection risk associated with the confirmations shows that the secondary objective for the accounts receivable confirmation is the valuation assertion. The estimated high or low risk confirms the different issues regarding the confirmations. 5. To increase the response rate or response quality, the method of response quality matrices is very useful for increasing the response rate or response quality. References: George Casella, Roger L. Berger, Statistical Inference, 2nd ed., Duxbury Press, 2001. David R. Cox, D. V. Hinkley, Theoretical Statistics, Chapman Hall/CRC, 1979. Peter J. Bickel, Kjell A. Doksum, Mathematical Statistics, Volume 1, Basic Ideas and Selected Topics, 2rd ed. Prentice Hall, 2001. T. S. Ferguson, Mathematical Statistics: A Decision Theoretic Approach, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1967 Harald Cramr, Mathematical Methods of Statistics, Princeton, 1946

Ritalin Abuse an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

Ritalin Abuse The pharmaceutical industry, working with the government and organized psychiatry, claim that such drugs as Ritalin, are a safe "treatment" for ADHD. School systems and courts have pressured and even forced parents to give stimulant drugs to their children. But hidden behind the well-oiled public relations machine is a potentially devastating reality. The problem with ADHD or ADD is already not whether or not ADHD is a subtype of ADD, but rather the problem is whether or not we should be medicating our children with drugs such as Ritalin. Need essay sample on "Ritalin Abuse" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Questions like the following often arise when discussing the issue: Are the side effects worth getting our children under control? Are all the children who are on Ritalin on it for just cause or are the drugs being abused? What does the future hold for these children who are using Ritalin and other stimulants? All these questions leave a lot parents wondering if they should put there young child on medications and what it will do to their future. Millions of children are prescribed the stimulant drugs such as Ritalin, Adderall, Concerta and Metadate for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the hope of controlling behaviors described as hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. These medications decrease restlessness, improve attention span, increase the ability to focus, decrease aggressive outbursts and improve social interaction. They are thought to work by adjusting the brain's chemical balance and reversing under-arousal, possibly by increasing the availability of certain neurotransmitters. About 75 % of children with ADHD respond well to stimulant medication with improved attention at school and increased academic productivity (Kidd, 2000). Ritalin, the most commonly prescribed stimulant for ADHD, peaks 1 to 2 hours after it's taken and effects last about 4 hours. For maximum benefit it's taken three times a day, seven days a week - in order to sustain home as well as school interactions. (Some find that although the afternoon dose eases home relationships, it may exacerbate side effects such as poor appetite and insomnia.) A slow-release form taken in the morning may last the day (at least 6 to 8 hours). A few develop "drug tolerance" and need increasing doses to suppress symptoms. (High amounts may have some growth-retarding effect, requring a drug change.) Side effects of Ritalin can include headaches, insomnia, reduced appetite and weight loss, stomach aches, occasional tics (grimaces, nail biting), a "zombie-like" stare, obsessive "over-focussing" (becoming over-engrossed) and emotional "constriction" (for instance shown by drawings where everything is miniscule or shoved tightly into a corner). Omitting the 4 p.m. dose might overcome the sleep problems but at the cost of disrupting home and family life. Most side effects can be avoided by giving smaller doses. Some children object to the "roller-coaster" feeling while on the drug, and want to feel "normal" again, leading to a drop-off in drug-taking. Some hate the idea of having their behaviour "controlled;" and some parents oppose the idea of "mind-altering" drugs for their kids (Kidd, 2000, p.20). In any case, there are always some ideals that do persuade parents into giving their children stimulants. The one of the appeals, and usually a selfish one, is that the drug gets their child under control. Parents who are fed up with their child and their behavior think that there is no other way of getting their child to behave and automatically look for a drug to get the situation changed sometimes when the child hasn't even been diagnosed with disorder yet. The appeal greatens when guilt settles in. Parents sometimes feel responsible for their child's outbreaks and by giving him or her a drug it makes the parents feel as if something chemically is wrong, and isn't because of the child's upbringing (Brink, 2004). But there are more reasonable and positive motives for using Ritalin for children with ADHD. A study was done by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), which proved that children with ADHD and taking medication to relieve symptoms had a better chance of not dropping out school, not smoking, abusing alcohol and drugs, or going to prison compared to those who with the disorder but are not on drugs (Brink, 2004). An experiment that was also done by NIMH seemed to further strengthen the belief that Ritalin does indeed work, is necessary, and leaves us with few alternatives. This experiment, which was conducted for fourteen months and involved 576 children, gave evidence that psychological therapy does not have a significant impact on children with ADHD and that drugs had a far bigger change in the children's behavior and lessened the symptoms more than therapy (Brink, 2004). Besides short-term benefits for Ritalin, some studies show that there are some long-term ones as well. In 1988 scientists found improvements in cognitive functions in reading performances. Though it wasn't positive, and is also very controversial if the drug itself was creating the improvement or if it was the drugs ability to reduce the disorders symptoms, which helps the child focus, but in the end, there still was an obvious increase in learning. Though frustration of child obedience, previously mention guilt, and hope for better grades often play a vital role in the decision of whether or not to put one's child on medication, there are some outstanding negatives that also make an impact on parents' choices on the matter. One of the major problems with Ritalin is the side effects the medication causes its users. As mentioned before, these include effects as minor as stomach pains, sleep loss, loss or appetite and irritability. But side effects can be as serious as facial tics, anxiety, insomnia, and depression. (Hancock and Wingert, 1996) Other sever symptoms include increase in blood pressure, nausea, hypersensitivity, and temporary decrease in bone growth (White and Rouge, 2003). In February of 1996, the Food and Drug Administration released a study done on mice that showed that Ritalin might even have the ability to cause a liver cancer (Hancock and Wingert, 1996). Also, in relation to side effects, is a lawsuit that took place in 2000 in California and New Jersey. Parents sued the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation for "failed to advise potential consumers... of the nature and extent of potential side effects... despite information in medical and scientific literature concerning these side effects of Ritalin use." The side effects that are being referred to are cardiovascular, central nervous system and gastrointestinal problems. The suit also investigated teachers who persuaded parents to take their children to doctors who where known for giving children Ritalin (School Law News, 2000, p.1). It is being feared by many physicians that Ritalin is being overly prescribed to children. Some doctors are seeing patients that have been told to have ADHD, but in reality have other problems such as learning difficulties or depression. Parents often even ask doctors for Ritalin, even when their child does not have a need for it, but the child's parents want to see his or her grades rise. Some doctors even admit to giving children the drug without doing much background checking of the child or any psychological tests that may prove the child has other problems. (Hancock and Wingert, 1996). ADHD is diagnosed without much hoop jumping. There are sixteen different symptoms that ADHD is connected with, and if the child has eight of them then all too often he or she is automatically considered to have ADHD; often without taking any other disorders or problems into consideration such as anxiety or depression (Donnelly, 1998). It seems as though parents are able to get their children the drug almost at demand. If they feel their child is in need of the stimulant, there is little stopping them from receiving it. Skepticism of ADHD and stimulants continue getting more serious when taking in some of the statistics. One fact that may change someone's thoughts on the disorder is that 8 in 10 children with ADHD are boys (Donnelly, 1998) But does anyone put into consideration that girls develop and become mature faster than boys? Or is it being forgotten that kids are just kids and are not always going to act as teachers and parents desire? Another issue relating to Ritalin is the possibilities of unknown long-term effects that have not yet been discovered. There have not been any long-term studies done on children who have taken Ritalin. Since ADHD cannot be tested by blood tests or any other kind of testing, there is always the chance that children are being misdiagnosed and receiving stimulants for a disorder that they do not have (Hancock and Wingert, 1996). Children sometimes have symptoms that seem like ADHD but aren't at all. The child can have problems such as chronic fear, mild seizures or even chronic ear infections, all of which may make adults assume the child has the disorder, but in reality has something completely different. Often problems at home make children act up as well. There maybe an abusive parent at home that makes a child be difficult in the classroom. In cases like these the child is not in need of drugs, but needs counseling (White and Rouge, 2003). Another negative aspect of the drug is the abuse of it. Because of the increase in prescribing Ritalin, the number of high school and college students abusing the drug has also increased. The drug is often bought from other students who are either on the drug or whose brother or sisters are. Ritalin is used by it's abuses by either being snorted or injected which gives the user a six hour mellow high, often compared to the high that cocaine gives. On college campus, sixteen percent of students questioned admitted that they had used Ritalin in an illegal way. Because of the number of abusers has increased so quickly, the country of Sweden has withdrawn Ritalin from the country completely (White and Rouge, 2003) The concept of ADHD and its medications are really hard to justify. There are some very valid reasons for putting children on the drug, especially helping them pay attention in school and having the same opportunity as the rest of the children in their classes. But the side effects are just mind boggling. I think even the slightest chance of some of these side effects mentioned would want parents to search for alternatives for their children and keep them away from the drug. Another problem about ADHD is the fact that doctors cannot find anything psychically different from the children diagnosed with the disease from those that are "normal." Dr. Thomas Millar, a retired Vancouver child psychiatrist, goes as far as to say that ADHD is a "mythical disorder"(Donnelly, 1998, p. 2). He also says that the problem is not hyper children, but rather its poor parenting. Children that act as children do- easily excited, short attention spans, and hyper (all symptoms of ADHD)- are not considered to be acting as normal children, but rather as children with a disorder. I think Dr. Millar put it best when he said, "If Tom Sawyer was around today, he'd be Ritalin, as would any other normal boy in literature. Today, parents don't have any idea of what child behavior ought to be." Parents who start giving their children this drug at ages as earlier as two, I think, are looking for quick fix and are being lazy. How can parent decide that a two year old is being hyperactive (White and Rouge, 2003)? Most two year olds are active and have little to no attention spans. I think this only teaches children that drugs are the answer to all our problems. By putting a child on a mind altering drug at such a young age, when he or she has not even started school yet, it leaves a parent with very little evidence or reason for their action. The child does not have schoolwork yet, and has little need for paying attention for long periods of time, so what does this child need the drug for? Because the child is difficult and more active than a parent wishes? It almost seems as if parents want to change their child's personality and make their childhood less interesting. I think it's very important that parents do not view Ritalin as the first and only way of calming their child down. All in all, Ritalin is a very controversial drug in our country because of its side effects and the insecurities of diagnosing ADHD. The drug carries very important help for children who are struggling to pay attention and without a doubt do have a disorder. But the number of children who are on the drug for the wrong reason is a scary thought. Are we become so impatient with our children that we do not want to take the time to discipline or help them through their problems? Have our children become so bad that we are willing to risk their health so they calm down and do not embarrass us? Our society needs to learn more about this drug that too many of us are so quickly giving to our children. References Brink, Susan. (2004, Apr. 26).Doing Ritalin Right. U.S. News & World Report, 125 (20), 76. Dalsgaard, S. et al. (2001). Reassessment of ADHD in a Historical Cohort of Children Treated with Stimulants in the Period 1969-1989. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 10, 230-239. Donnelly, Patrick. (1998, June 15). How to Fix Tom Sawyer. Ablerta Report/Newsmagazine, 25 (26), 32. Hancock, LynNell and Pat Wingert. (1996, Feb 18). Mother's Little Helper. Newsweek, 127(12), 50. Kidd, Parris M. (2000, Sep/Oct). ADHD total health management. The safe and effective alternative to Ritalin. Total Health, 22 (5). Lawsuits Say Drug Company Hyped Kids' Need For Ritalin. (2000, Sept. 29). School Law News, 28 (20), 1-2. White, Hazel L. and Baton Rouge. (Winter 2003). Ritalin Update for Counselors, Teachers, and Parents. Education 124 (3).

Grammar Study Guide Essay Example

Grammar Study Guide Essay Example Grammar Study Guide Essay Grammar Study Guide Essay Vasso Skezas 3/9/11 ENGL 100 M17 Grammar Terms and Examples Noun: Dog Subject:Although Coordinating Conjuction-A word which connects two independent clauses. For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Simple Sentence-Contains a subject, a verb, and expresses a complete thought. The dog ate. Compound Sentence-Contains two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction. The dog ate yet he was still hungry. Complex Sentence-Contains an independent clause and a dependent clause connected by a subordinating conjunction. The dog ate food which he enjoyed. Compound-Complex Sentence-Contains more than one independent clause and at least one dependent clause, joined by both coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. The dog ate food which he enjoyed, yet he was still hungry. Prepositional Phrase: At noon†¦ Topic Sentence-First sentence of a unified paragraph which signifies what the paragraph will be about. Unsafe food poses significant health hazards. Unified Paragraph-Paragraph in which all the sentences refer back to the topic sentence. Unsafe food poses significant health hazards. For instance, mad cow disease causes the brain to break down. Raw cookie dough can cause salmonella. Well Developed Paragraph-Contains a claim, supporting evidence, and a concluding statement. : A vegan lifestyle is healthier than eating meat. Meat contains casein, which has been linked to cancer and Alzheimer’s, among other diseases. A study in China showed that people who did not eat meat had a much lower occurrence of these diseases. This shows that eating meat is unhealthy. Run on comma splice, fused sentence-Two improperly joined independent clauses joined by a comma. Two independent clauses strung together without punctuation. I ate food, I was no longer hungry. The ball is yellow it bounces. Independent Clause-Contains a subject verb and complete thought. Can stand on its own as a simple sentence, or a part of a compound, complex, or compound-complex sentence. He ran. Dependent Clause-Not a complete thought, always contains a subordinating conjunction. While I was at the store. Fragment-. Dependent clause that does not stand on its own. Because I ate food. Transitional words/phrases-Help to continue a thought from a previous sentence. Therefore. Semi-Colon-Punctuation that can be used as a period or a subordinating conjunction. I slept in this morning; I did not get enough sleep last night.

How to Interview a Relative - About Genealogy

How to Interview a Relative - About Genealogy Getting relatives to share their stories isnt always easy. But it can be rewarding and allow you to document stories, such as in a memory book. Follow these step-by-step ideas for a successful family history interview! Schedule a time in advance. This gives everyone a chance to prepare.Prepare a list of questions beforehand and either share them with your relative or give them an idea of what you want to cover. Bring several notepads and pens to the interview. If you plan to make a recording, be sure to have a tape player, digital recorder, or smartphone on which to record the interview, plus extra tapes, memory cards, chargers or batteries, as appropriate for your recording device.Take good notes and make sure you record your name, the date, the place the interview is being conducted and the interviewee.Begin with a question or topic that you know will elicit a reply, such as a story you have heard her tell in the past.Ask questions which encourage more than simple yes or no answers. Try to elicit facts, feelings, stories, and descriptions.Show interest. Take an active part in the dialogue without dominating it.  Learn to be a creative listener.Use props whenever possible. Old photographs, favor ite old songs, and treasured items may bring memories flooding back. Dont push for answers. Your relative may not wish to speak ill of the dead or may have other reasons for not wanting to share. Move on to something else.Use your prepared questions as a guideline, but dont be afraid to let your relative go off on a tangent. They may have many things to say that you never thought to ask!Dont interrupt or attempt to correct your relative; this can end an interview in a hurry!When you are done, be sure to thank your relative for her time. Tips for a Successful Family History Interview Put your relative at ease by telling them that they will have a chance to see and approve of anything that you write before you share it with others.Keep the interview length to no more than 1 to 2 hours at a stretch. Its tiring for both you and for the person being interviewed. This is supposed to be fun!Consider preparing a transcript or written report as a tangible thank you to your relative for her participation.If the relative and other participants agree, setting up a recorder in the corner of a room while sitting around a dinner table may help to get family stories flowing.

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 11

Law - Essay Example Lastly, the paper will also make suggestion for the further changes to be made in the statute in the light of the changing needs and requirements of the social establishments during the contemporary times. Hence, the paper will provide an in-depth examination of assault in accordance with the statutes of law. It is a reality beyond suspicion that the states and political authorities have always been interested in devising schemes and implementing them in order to maintain law and order as well as to ensure the safety and protection of all members of society. For this purpose, statutes of laws are articulated and enforced for discouraging criminal acts and punishing the offenders, so that crime rate could be controlled in society. The devising of statutes and making amendments in them, for combating the assaults, has always been an essential part of the same campaign launched by the New York legislature and administration. The term assault simply refers to the violent attack on some individual, group or community out of mens rea or criminal intention with the aim of inflicting physical hurt or harm subsequently. Battery and maiming are taken to be the crimes almost identical to assault, which observe proximity with assault in nature and scope, as all the three maintain similar intention and consequences, though effects of the three could witness slight differences (Bryn, 1966:614-5). Battery actually is the occurrence of physical contact between the offender and offended, while maiming could be regarded to be the combination of both assault and battery. Hence, the court of law announces punishment in accordance with the damages appeared in the wake of committing of the offence (615-6). While discussing the elements attributed to assault, there must be mens rea behind committing of this crime, and the act has actually been performed, either it has caused severe harm

Statistic analysis of an exporting apple company Essay

Statistic analysis of an exporting apple company - Essay Example Statistic analysis of an exporting apple company This is statistically significant for this indicates that in promoting slow moving dog products, these items will be placed on the waist level shelves. This also applies for goods that need to be sold immediately like old stocks and products approaching expiration dates. Through this, inventory and the First-In-First-Out products will be controlled. An apple exporting company is currently retrenching and would like to reduce the number of packers in one of their processing plants from 3 packers to only 2. In finding out the most efficient packers, they conducted a 8 hour study for 6 days based on their speed in packing apples. Below are six study results for the three packers indicating the number of boxes packed in 8 hours. Which packer is best? An industrial psychologist is interested in brainstorming among groups as a means of solving complex problems and she decides to manipulate two types of problem â€Å"sets† or attitudes. She selects 6 groups of four people to participate in the experiment. Three of the groups are given problem â€Å"set† 1 and three of the groups are given problem â€Å"set† 2. In addition, however, two of the participants in each group are males and two are females. She measures number of problems solved by each individual after group discussions at the end of each of three sessions (max = 30). Examine all interesting effects, present important data, and consider problems in the analysis. Total Problem "set" 1 G11 Males S1 8 S2 7 Females S3 27 S4 24 G12 Males S5 20 S6 24 Females S7 27 S8 28 G13 Males S9 14 S10 18 Females S11 27 S12 26 Problem "set" 2 G24 Males S13 26 S14 30 Females S15 4 S16 8 G25 Males S17 26 S18 29 Females S19 15 S20 18 G26 Males S21 28 S22 28 Females S23 8 S24 12 1) sH0 : AProblemSet 1 = 2 G/A 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6 BGender M = F (A)B 1M = 2M = 1F = 2F sHa : Not sH0 2) Between Subjects Hierarchical S2(G3B2/A2) 2-tailed (A): (1,4) = 7.71 (G/A): (4,12) = 3.26 (B): (1,4) = 7.71 (AB): (1,4) = 7.71 (GB/A): (4,12) = 3.26 3) = .05 4) Final Source Table: Source DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F-Value F-crit A Problem Set 1 13.50 13.50 .29 7.71 G/A Groups 4 187.83 46.95 10.25* 3.26 B Gender 1 48.17 48.17 1.36 7.71 AB Problem Set*Gender 1 1204.17 1204.17 34.12* 7.71 (GB/A) 4 141.17 35.29 7.70* 3.26 S(GB/A) 12 55.00 4.58 T 23 1649.83 A Problem Set, B Gender, and AB Problem Set*Gender F values are different from SAS output. Why 1 - First, have to test to determine proper error term to use; Fcrit (4, 12) = 3.26 , = .05 G/A / S(GB/A) = 46.96 / 4.58 = 10.25* so must use G/A to test A. F ratio for A = 13.50 / 46.95 = .29, NS Fcrit (4, 12) = 3.26 , = .05 GB/A / S(GB/A) = 35.29 / 4.58 = 7.71* so must use GB/A to test B and AB F ratio for B = 48.17 / 35.29 = 1.36, NS F ratio for AB = 1204.17 / 35.29 = 7.70* significant! (Didn't really need to do this because the group error terms were significant at .05 and cannot be pooled) Subsequent Tests: LSDAB = 2.78 [2(35.29) / 6] = 9.53 M Female-P1 - M Female-P2 = 26.50 - 10.83 = 15.67* M Male-P1 - M Male-P2 = 15.17 - 27.83 = -12.66* 5) The data indicate there was no significant main effect for Problem Set, F(1,4) = 0.29, MSe = 46.95, or for Gender, F(1,4) = 1.36,

The Effect in Hong Kongs Economy Essay Example for Free

The Effect in Hong Kongs Economy Essay I. Introduction The financial crisis in the Asian economies in 1997 has created tremendous interests in the economic point of view. This report focuses on the economic situation of Hong Kong in 1997-98, which has some very special features among the economies in the region. In the Asian Financial Crisis, the economy in Hong Kong did not sufferer from any banking or currency crisis like some of the Asian countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, South Korea and Thailand, which their troubles began with a severe depreciation in their currencies. This triggered capital outflow and bankruptcy of many financial intermediaries and firms. The currencies of these countries have long been maintained at a relatively constant rate with the US dollar until 1995. Their depreciation is due to the central banks were unable to defend speculative attacks. Regarding to this, the government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China successfully supported the currency by paying the cost of having high interest rates. Hong Kong dollar is pegged with the US dollar, at a rate of HK$7.8 to US$1 since 1983. This is due to the effort of the Hong Kong Government and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA), the central bank of the Hong Kong. However, the economy is expected to enter one of the most severe recessions in the post-war period after the Asian Financial Crisis. Section 2 in this paper will offer background information of the Linked Exchange Rate System. It defines how the monetary authorities defend the currency peg. Section 3 will summarize on how and why the Hong Kong dollar was under speculative attacks during the Asian Financial Crisis. Section 4 is a postscript on how the HK government reacts to the situation and the actions that was taken. II. The Background of the Linked Exchange Rate SystemAs a small opened economy, the currency of Hong Kong was used to be backed by stronger currency, pound sterling at first and later, US dollar. There was only about nine years (1974 -1983) in which a floating exchange rate regime was  adopted. By the end of 1983, under both external (speculative attacks) and internal (political uncertainty) factors, the authorities decided a fixed exchange rate regime and peg Hong Kong dollar with the US dollar at HK$7.8 to US$1. The latter is known as the Linked Exchange Rate System, which is effective since October 17, 1983. The Linked Exchange Rate System is in practice a modified version of a classical currency board. A classical currency board is a system where there is no place for a central bank. The current Hong Kongs currency board maintains certain functions of the HKMA as the central bank of the SAR. The rest of this subsection discusses their distinction. In general, currency board refers to a monetary institution that issues base money solely in exchange for foreign assets, specifically the reserve currency. (Williamson, 1995, p.2)With the currency board, the monetary authorities can not change money supply at will. If the currency board would like to issue new cash, it must first increase its stock of the chosen reserve currency given certain fixed exchange rate stipulated by law. Which means the supply of home currency can increase only when commercial banks puts an equal amount of reserve currency in the currency board. Usually, the foreign reserve is more than the monetary base (cash in circulation plus deposits from commercial banks), so there is a net worth on the liabilities side that equals to the excess amount of foreign reserve. With buying or selling domestic credits, the central bank can perform open market operations and sterilized intervention of exchange rate. The currency board can stabilize the value of the home currency to a stronger one. This is an attractive feature for small countries. With people having confidence in this monetary system and the fixed exchange rate, a stable economic environment will promote trade, and investment. Over the recent decade the Hong Kong Government has increased the power of the monetary authority as a central bank. In April 1, 1993, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) was established to perform many of the functions of a central bank. Due to historical reasons, instead of a central bank, three note-issuing banks, the Standard Chartered Bank, HDBC and now Bank of China are allowed to issue notes. In order to issue notes, under the management of HKMA they have to pay the Exchange Fund in US dollars and receive the Certificates of Indebtedness (CIs) at the official rate HK$7.8 to US$1. With this system, the money supply is determined when firms in the export sector gain more US dollars through trade. They still need to pay their workers in HK dollar so they will use the US dollar in exchange for the domestic currency with the licensed banks. When banks are short in HK dollar, they can exchange for HK dollar with the US dollar in their hand with the note-issuing banks at HK$7.8 to US$1. If the note-issuing banks are short of HK dollars, they will use the mechanism of currency board to obtain CIs and supply more domestic currency to the economy. In principle, the exchange rate in the market floats. There is no law that forbids any bank to use a rate different from the official one. It is an arbitrage mechanism that helps to fix the exchange rate in the market. For instance, if the rate in the market is HK$8 to US$1. Banks will submit Hong Kong dollar to the note-issuing banks for US dollar at the official rate HK$7.8. They will gain the differential 20 ¢ by selling the US dollar in the market. More banks will follow and thus the demands of HK dollars increase. As a result, HK dollar will appreciate and the above arbitrage process will end when the market rate goes back to the official rate. When there is pressure of depreciation in the domestic currency against US dollars, the note-issuing banks will have to use the CIs to exchange for US dollars with the Exchange Fund. Contagion in the market in response to the depreciation will finally lead to a huge reduction in the foreign reserve. III. Speculative Attacks on Hong Kong Dollar in 19971. Before October, 1997During the first two quarters of 1997, Hong Kongs economy performed extremely well. Even though other Asian economies began to expose their problem in the second half of the year, Hong Kong has no sign of down-turn even in the third quarter. 2. After October, 1997The Asia Financial Crisis began with the speculative  attacks on other Asian currencies: the Thai baht, Philippine peso, Malaysian ringgit, Indonesian rupiah and Singapore dollar. While the Thai and Indonesian governments seek assistance from the IMF, Philippines central bank attempted to intervene the market and the Singapore central bank allowed the currency to depreciate. Hong Kong dollar remained steady, but later the HKMA admitted that US$1 billion of the foreign had been used to defend the currency. A second attack occurred in mid-August. From the summer to October, the stock market is very volatile and the Hong Kong dollar is strong but under pressure, while other currencies depreciates against the US dollar; however, the Hong Kong Government reassured the public that the peg exchange rate will sustain and there was adequate reserve to defend from speculative attack. However, the speculative pressure on both Hong Kong finally stroke Hong Kong stock market at the end of October. On October 23, the Heng Seng Index dropped to 23% from the previous Friday. The HKMA used interest rate to intervene the market to defend the currency peg as overnight HIBOR increased drastically except in mid-July. Naturally, the corresponding impact on the stock market was negative and severe. 3. Why were there speculative attacks?With adequate foreign reserve, the HK government has for a long time maintained budget surplus every year and the fundamentals of the economy are sound in the first three quarters, so what has attract the international speculators to target the Hong Kong dollar? Unlike some Asian countries, the financial system of Hong Kong is well-regulated and well-supervised. Although a few investment banks and firms have bankrupted after October due to overinvestment, the sort of crises in Indonesia and South Korea did not occur in Hong Kong. In fact, being one of the most developed financial centers in the region, financial and banking regulations have been continuously introduced and strengthened in the past few decades, this has helped avoid the problem of moral hazards. For example:†¢The Protection of Investors Ordinance (1974): this prohibits firms using fraudulent, coercive and exaggerated means to induce investors of buying or selling securities. It also regulates the issue of associated documents and publications. (Edward, 1987, p. 82):†¢The Securities Ordinance (1979): this regulates the operations of the Stock Exchange, the  registration of dealers and investment advisers and trading practice. It forbids dealers to involve in transaction outside the exchange, allows investigation of malpractices, and provides for the establishment of a Stock Exchange Compensation Fund to compensate the clients of defaulting brokers. (Edward, 1987, p. 82)†¢The Banking Ordinance (1986): this ordinance (i) governs both banks and DTCs under the supervision of the Commissioner of Banking (now a part of HKMA); (ii) institutes a minimum capital to risk assets ratio requirement; (iii) imposes a new liquidity requirement and (iv) allow the commissioner to issue guide-lines for banking operations from time to time. (Ho, 1991, p. 98) Still, there are three possible reasons for speculative attacks:First, the real exchange of Hong Kong and US dollars has a large appreciation of Hong Kong dollars since 1983 which reflects Hong Kongs lack of competitiveness. Yet, Hawkins and Yiu (1995) compute the Real ERRI for traded goods and show no loss of competitiveness for traded goods sector. However, the fact that Hong Kong has transformed into a service-based economy, the competition Hong Kong faces might be more in financial services and tourism, rather then in manufacturing products. Since other Asian currencies have depreciated, Hong Kong might suffer from lack of competitiveness against financial centers like Singapore, or tourism industries in regions like Thailand and Malaysia. Furthermore, as an important entrepà ´t, between China and the rest of the world, because the Renminbi has not been devalued also reduces Chinas competitiveness. This might have a negative impact on Hong Kong re-export sector. There were increasing requests and rumors for the devaluation of Hong Kong dollars to put a lift of competitiveness in 1997, which gives political pressure on the local authorities, and under such environment, speculators might perceive that their attacks will succeed. Second, political uncertainty also increases the probability of speculative attacks. On July 1, 1997, the former British colony was handed over to the Peoples Republic of China. Foreign investors might be skeptical on the independence of Hong Kong economic policy. Some of the economists did not show confidence on this matter. Anna Schwartz (1993) thinks that Hong Kongs experience with a currency board represents a dilution of the features that distinguished the institution. It did not maintain a fixed  exchange rate between the Hong Kong dollar and sterling during the years when it was linked to sterling; it then shifted to a link to the US dollar, after which it let the exchange rate float; and it then returned to a fixed exchange rate with the US dollar. It has since introduced discretionary powers for the Exchange Fund to exercise. Limited as these powers may be currently, they strike me as a slippery slope that portends further erosion of rule-based behavior. Chinas willingness to maintain rule-based behavior once the island reverts to its control adds to the uncertain future of a currency board in Hong Kong. (Schwartz, 1993, p.176) Maurice Obstfeld and Kenneth Rogoff (1995) share Schwartzs concern, After China takes over in 1997, it will also assume ultimate ownership of Hong Kongs foreign currency reserves. Despite its promise not to tamper with Hong Kongs economy, China would not likely want to see its dowry squandered in battling speculators. Thus, even Hong Kongs currency ultimately could fall. (Obstfeld and Rogoff, 1995, p.91) Was George Soros as pessimistic (or optimistic) as these economists in 1997?Third, many people have suggested that the actual target of the speculators is really the stock market. If the speculators can successfully give pressure to the Hong Kong dollar and the only response of the HKMA is to increase interest rate; therefore, speculators will be able to gain by short selling stocks in the market. If this is the case, the authorities should be flexible in choosing the instruments to defend the currency. IV. A PostscriptWith the estimates of a -2% growth rates and 4.2% unemployment rate for the first quarter of 1998; and a recession was expected. This suggests that the full impact of the Asian crises on the real sectors have began. During this period, interest rates stayed high and Hong Kong dollar was under discretionary speculative attacks. In June, the further depreciation in Japanese Yen gave additional pressure. On June 22, as a result of internal political pressure, the government adopts the first budget deficit policy since 1982 in order to stimulate the economy without abandoning the currency peg. The policy turned an initial surplus estimate of HK$10.7 billion into a deficit of HK$21.4 billion. This HK $44 billion rescue package involves:†¢Suspending land sales until March 31, 1999 to slow down the collapse of the real estate market in Hong Kong†¢An exemption of  interest earned locally from profits tax †¢Putting out HK $2 billion to help small and medium firms in non-export related sector. †¢rates rebate for the first quarter (worth HK$3.85 billion)This expansionary fiscal policy has helped shorten the recession of Hong Kong. As the Asian economy slowly recovered from the Asian Financial Crisis, Hong Kong has also managed to climb back from its recession. Reference Corsetti, G., Pesenti, P. and Roubini, N. (1998). What Caused the Asian Currency and Financial Crisis?. New York University. Edwards, A. Hong Kong: a guide to the structure, development and regulation of financial services. The Economist, 1987Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. (1998, February). 1997 Economic Background. Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. (1998, May). First Quarter Economic Report. Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. (1997, July) Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics. Hawkins, J. and Yiu, M. (1995). Real and Effective Exchange Rates. reprinted in Money and Banking in Hong Kong, edited and published by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority. Ho, R. (1991). The Regulatory Framework of the Banking Sector. The Hong Kong Financial System. Oxford University Press. Hong Kong Monetary Authority. (1997, July) Monthly Statistical Bulletin. Hong Kong Monetary Authority. (1997, August). Quarterly Bulletin. Jao, Y. C. (1997). Of Pegs and Boards. reprinted in Hong Kong Monetary Authority, Quarterly Bulletin, November 1997, p.70-72. Kydland, F. E. and Prescott, E. (1977). Rules Rather than Discretion: The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans. Journal of Political Economy, 85, p.473-491. . Krugman, P. (1979). A Model of Balance-of-Payments Crises. Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, Vol. 11, No. 3, p.311-325. Krugman, P. (1996). Are Currency Crises Self-fulfilling?. NBER Macroeconomic Annual, National Bureau of Economic Research, p. 345-378. Krugman, P. (1998), What happened to Asia. MIT. Lui, Y. H. (1991). The Foreign Exchange Market. The Hong Kong Financial System, Oxford University Press. Nugà ©e, J. (1995). A Brief History of the Exchange Fund. Money and Banking in Hong Kong, edited and published by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority. Obstfeld, M. (1994). Logic of Currency Crises. Monetary and Fiscal Policy in an Integrated Europe edited by Barry Eichengreen, Jeffry Frieden and Jà ¼rgen von Hagen, Springer-Verlag. Obstfeld, M. (1996). Models of Currency Crises with Self-fulfilling Features. European Economic Review, 40, p.1037-1047. Obstfeld, M. and Rogoff, K. (1995). The Mirage of Fixed Exchange Rates. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 9, No. 4, Fall, p.73-96. Schwartz, A. (1993). Currency Boards: their past, present, and possible future role. Carnegie- Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 39, p.147-187. Scott, R.H. (1986). Monetary Policy in Hong Kong. Hong Kongs Financial Institutions and Markets. Oxford University Press, 1986 South China Morning Post, June 23, 1998 Issue. Williamson, J. (1995). What Role for Currency Boards?. Institute for International Economics

A Lady of Letters and Cream Cracker under the Settee by Alan Bennett Es

"A Lady of Letters" and "Cream Cracker under the Settee" by Alan Bennett The two monologues I am going to be writing about are two elderly women who are lonely and trapped in their own homes. I will be talking about how Doris, one lady from 'Cream cracker under the settee' and Irene, the other lady in 'Lady of letters' are suffering from loneliness. Doris and Irene both live alone. They don't seem to have any special friends. For example, Irene doesn't like being people calling her Irene. People who come across Irene must call her Miss.Ruddock; nobody has called her Irene since her mother died. Only real friends may call 'Miss Ruddock' Irene. But both Doris and Irene have people who do you look out for them like the policeman who calls in to check on Doris from time to time. Both monologues are talking, and looking directly into the camera, at many different angles. This gives a great effect, as the person talking in the monologue seems to be talking to 'YOU', in the audience. In the monologues the women mainly talk about the past and by comparing the day they were 'kiddies' to the days of today. This is how monologues are a lot different to dramas. Monologues are an interesting way for the people in the audience to see the opinions and thoughts of another person, maybe older or maybe younger. Both these monologues don't have a grouped name such as, action, horror or comedy but if I had to catorgise these monologues, I would say they are 'real life tragedy's'. There are the little side comments which the author for both monologues, Bennett, has made to make the make the audience giggle but the whereas the individuals in the monologue, in this case Doris or Irene, aren't aware that whate... ...the Settee' my emotions stayed practically the same all the way through the monologue, as for 'Lady of Letter' I felt a number of emotions for Irene, Happy, angry, sad. I felt a lot of sympathy for Doris when she was talking about her family but i feel no sympathy for Irene. As I said, my feelings stayed the same for Doris but I did feel frustrated at times, as it is frustrating when 'you' know what's best for someone but that someone doesn't understand. My feelings varied a huge amount for Irene mainly because Irene's feelings varied an amount. Both monologue were encouraging in there own ways. 'Cream cracker under the settee' did get a bit tedious at times and sometimes made me want to fall asleep due to the same tone of voice droning on and on. I had a lot more to write about for Lady of Letters because I thought there was a much better story line.

Case Study: Swatch and the Global Watch Industry Essay

Introduction The Swatch Group had many early on successes due to repositioning strategies and a boost from acquisitions. On the surface, the Swatch Group was the world’s leading manufacturer of watches in the late 1990’s. They had 14 percent of the world market share and it appeared that gross sales and net profits were on the rise; however, under the covers, it was a much different story. Swatch was facing a myriad of issues that needed to be resolved in order for success to prevail. Management issues were plaguing Swatch; multiple key figures stepped down from the board in the mid 1990’s citing the CEO’s inability to listen to his staff. In addition to the management issues, Swatch was also facing fierce competition in many market spaces, including the largest consumer base space, the United States. In addition to lack of market penetration in the United States, Swatch had too many products, which equally distracted buyers and sellers. Lastly, manufacturing costs continued to soar in Switzerland, the Swatch Group’s home base. Other competitors were quickly cutting their costs by moving manufacturing overseas. The Swatch Group was at a crossroad; the strategy that had worked so well in the early 1990’s was no longer viable – the question now was what to do about it? Management Issues and Potential Resolutions Although Swatch faced many issues, internal dissension can be the quickest death of a company. Hayek needs to ensure the people chosen to replace the board member’s who stepped down are able to handle his leadership style. Equally as important as selecting a high-performing executive team, Hayek need’s to realize that traditional organizational principles of functional hierarchies will inevitably lead to rifts in management. This is a social issue that Hayek needs to address. If ex-board members continue to bad mouth Swatch it could have an impact on sales. To address this issue, Hayek needs to improve his leadership style and management model to actively involve his staff. As an employee, even an executive employee, being flat out told what you have to do all the time is often the ingredient for an unhealthy work environment, especially when trying to implement change. However, when  employees are involved in making a decision it is often easier to put into action th e decision that was made. There is sometimes a higher acceptance of the decision when it comes from the ground up and there is a higher probability that the decision will be executed efficiently. The outcome of such a change will inevitably be positive. When Hayek has more then one person getting together trying to solve a problem, he will have an increased chance at a better solution then if he were trying to solve it himself. The employees bring a lot to the meeting room with them. For instance, they may have â€Å"inside information† about why production is faltering. By creating a high-performing executive team that works as a cohesive unit versus â€Å"he has to be the big boss alone, and can never share opinions† unit, the Swatch Group should begin to see an improvement in the softer issues, such as employee satisfaction, higher executive employee retention, and a more open communication model. Competitive and Product Mix Issues and Potential Resolutions The Swatch group as a whole had an unparalleled ability to provide consumers with a wide range of products in all market segments. They could provide hi-tech watches that functioned as ski passes, fashion watches such as the Swatch, or an exquisite diamond studded precious metal watch – Swatch provided products at all extremes. However, certain product lines were more successful then others. The Swatch watch in particular was struggling to gain market share in the United States and elsewhere for several reasons including fickle consumer behavior and a product line that was daunting to consumers and resellers. The Swatch product was quickly loosing its competitive edge against other players such as Fossil, Guess, Timex and Seiko. Resellers were dropping like flies and consumers felt like Swatch had saturated the market with too many products. Worse of all, consumer perception was that Swatch was a fad. Swift decisions need to be made to reverse this before the brand becomes part of a MTV or VH1 â€Å"I love the 90’s† television show. Luckily, most of the decisions to be made regarding product mix have very little impact socially and ethically. Omega (part of the Swatch Group portfolio of brands), was facing a similar demise in the early 1990’s and successfully repositioned itself and became a major profit driver for the group. It achieved this by carefully selecting its marketing programs and drastically trimming its product line from 2,500 to 130. This strategy needs to be applied to Swatch, which focuses on the basic and middle-priced market. This is supported by the fact that the number of resellers dropped from 3,000 in the early 1990’s to 1,200 in 1998. Swatch needs to apply a SWOT analysis and determine which product lines are successful in this market space and drop the remaining products. In addition, the Swatch Group needs to look at their consumer base and determine if it would be profitable to launch a new product line that captures past consumers who have now progressed to the next stage of their lives and are desiring a more expensive and sophisticated watch. A marketing campaign needs to be chosen that helps attract new consumers in the basic and middle price market focusing on the smaller number of brands and a separate campaign should be created that focuses on keeping their existing customer base. These campaigns should be replicated to other countries to ensure the Swatch brand remains visible. Neither of these resolutions will be easy to implement; however, if done successfully Swatch will decrease their production costs because there are fewer product lines and increase their sales based on marketing campaigns to two separate groups: new customers and existing customers. Manufacturing Issues and Potential Resolutions Driven by high demand, offshore manufacturing centers are appearing throughout the world. Many of the Swatch Group’s competitors have switched their manufacturing to centers overseas and decreased their fixed costs, which resulted in an increase in profit. The Swatch Group had always remained committed to its home base, partly because their home base possessed centuries of expertise in watch making and partly because a timepiece cannot be stamped with â€Å"Swiss Made† unless at least 50% of Swiss manufactured products by value are present in the  timepiece. Although the mix of factors raising the possibility of outsourcing varies from company to company, there are a few themes that the Swatch Group needs to explore regarding the pressures to outsource. The Swatch Group needs to recognize that general concerns regarding cost and quality are the main drivers for outsourcing. In addition, outsourcing can turn a fixed cost into a variable cost, which will significantly help a company with varying volumes. Although most businesses can benefit hugely through outsourcing or manufacturing in another country, the Swatch Group needs to determine if it will be successful and profitable for them. Outsourcing a portion of their value chain is not a quick-fix response to production costs or performance lags. Additionally, the choices for outsourcing locations are many, they are not all equal, differing in several critical areas. Selecting the right option requires balancing factors such as cultural affinity, geopolitical risk, cost, and resource availability. To help narrow their focus in their analysis, initially, the Swatch Group should look to India for their outsource location. India has a large talent pool of skilled, experienced watch workers. These workers have hands-on experience supporting Titan industries. Titan is continuing to grow as a company and the pace of resource expansion is dramatically improving in keeping up with current as well as future technologies. Additionally, the Swatch Group should center their outsourcing attention to the assembly portion of the value added chain. This will ensure that 50% of the manufactured parts are still completed in Switzerland. The design, marketing, and most of manufacturing of the watches still remain where the expertise is located. The assembly of a watch is an extremely repeatable and easily controllable task, which will increase the success for outsourcing. Outsourcing assembly to India will have many positive effects for the Swatch Group. Cost reduction remains the primary objective of outsourcing; the Swatch Group will have the ability to provide a good at a lower cost and should be able to make the assembly cost more predictable and controlled. Ethically and socially, outsourcing has a caused many individuals and  increase in job insecurity. Lower labor standards in other countries are forcing many companies to outsource much of their manufacturing. This is especially unsettling for individuals who lack the skills to make themselves difficult to replace, such as in manufacturing. If the Swatch Group decides to outsource assembly, there will be no easy way to redeploy the assembly workers. They can setup a redeployment pool for those resources and try to redeploy them elsewhere in the company. However, if this is not possible, a business decision will have to be made to lay those workers off. The utmost sensitivity will be required as it is possible that generations of families have worked for the Swatch Group. The Swatch Group will need to carefully balance the outsourcing cost reduction possibilities with the social ramifications that may exist. Conclusion There are many issues facing the Swatch Group and there is no right way to solve any of the issues. Each issue comes laden with ethical and social consequences that will also impact the company. The Swatch Group will need to take steps to ensure that international integration does not cause domestic social disintegration. Regardless of how the issues are resolve, the greatest challenge is going to be finding the right balance between markets and societies. References Swatch and the Global Watch Industry

Appearance of Pre-Hispanic Filipinos

Clothing The natives of the Philippine islands already wore different types of clothing and ornaments before the arrival of Spanish colonizers. The men usually wore short-sleeved, collarless jackets that reached just below the waste. The jackets were also symbols of their status in the community. The chief usually wore red, for example. The bahag was worn for the lower part. It is a strip of cloth wrapped around the waist which passes between the things, leaving the thighs and legs exposed. A head gear or a putong is a piece of cloth wrapped around the head.This is also important like the color of the jacket. A red putong meant that the wearer has already gone to war and killed an enemy. An embroidered putong meant that the wearer has killed at least seven enemies. Adornments such as necklaces, armlets or kalombiga, anklets, earrings and rings were also worn. These were usually made of gold and other precious stones. Women also wore sleeved jackets called baro and skirts called saya or patadyong. Women fancied wearing ornaments as well such as gem-studded bracelets, necklaces, earrings, and rings.Tattoos Tattoos played an important part in the appearance of pre-Hispanic Filipinos both for the men and women. Tattoos were considered to be the equivalent of medals, one had to work for and earn it. The more tattoos a person had, the more impressive was his or her war record. The Visayas was known to be the Islas del Pintados or Islands of the Painted People because it was the there that the early Spanish colonizers observed very tattooed people and Spanish writers referred to them as the pintados, meaning â€Å"painted†.

Token Boards for Reinforcing Behavior in Classroom

Token Boards for Reinforcing Behavior in Classroom Like any educational tool, a token board is most effective when used consistently within the context of a comprehensive classroom management plan. Token boards have been associated with Applied Behavior Analysis, as they provide a simple and visual method of structuring and providing reinforcement. They can be used to narrow or broaden your reinforcement schedule. They can be used to teach children how to defer gratification. They can be used narrowly to address specific behavior problems. At the same time, unless you and your staff or you and your collaborating teacher are clear about how a token is earned, you can end up with a lot of dysfunction. The purpose is to provide clarity about which behaviors, even academic, that you are reinforcing. If you get preoccupied and dont consistently award tokens, you also undermine your whole reinforcement plan. For these reasons, its important to address how you make and use a token board in your classroom. Basically, a token board has individual pictures or tokens that are held in place by Velcro. The tokens are stored on the back of the board until they are moved to the front of the board. Usually, the number of tokens is determined by how long you believe you can defer reinforcement. Many token boards (as the one depicted above) may include a place for the students choice of reinforcement represented by a picture.   Token Boards Used for Reinforcement Creating a clear sense of contingency is the first and primary purpose of a token board. Your student needs to know that he/she receives a token and reinforcement for exhibiting a particular behavior. Teaching contingency is a process of first establishing one to one correspondence. In Applied Behavior Analysis, contingency is critical in order to match the reinforce to the behavior. A Token Board becomes a visual schedule for reinforcement. Whether you put a child on an 8 token schedule or a 4 token schedule, you are expecting a child to understand that they will receive access to reinforcement when they fill their board. There are ways to build toward an eight token board, including starting with a smaller number, or starting with the board partially filled. Still, the likelihood of increasing the behavior, whether it is communication or academic, is to be sure that the child knows that behavior is being reinforced. Addressing Specific Behaviors with a Token Board To start a behavior change program, you need to identify both the behavior you want to change and the behavior that should take its place (replacement behavior.) Once you have identified the replacement behavior, you then need to create a situation where you are reinforcing it quickly using your board. Example Sean sits very poorly at circle time. He gets up frequently and throws himself on the floor if he doesnt get access to a preferred toy, Thomas the Tank Engine. The classroom has a set of cube chairs that are used for circle time. The teacher has determined that the replacement behavior is: John will stay seated in his cube during group with both feet on the floor, participating appropriately in group activities (singing, take a turn, listening quietly.) The Stimulus-Response will be Sitting, please. The naming phrase will be Good sitting, Sean. A classroom aide sits behind Sean in group: when he sits for approximately a minute quietly a token is placed on his chart. When he gets five tokens, he has access to his preferred toy for 2 minutes. When the timer goes off, Sean is returned to the group with Sitting, please! After several successful days, the reinforcement period is expanded to about two minutes, with three-minute access to the reinforcer. Over a couple weeks, this could be expanded to sitting for the entire group (20 minutes) with a 15-minute free place break. Targeting specific behaviors in this way can be extraordinarily effective. The example above is based on a real child with real behavior issues, and it took only a couple of weeks to effect the desired result. Cost Response: Taking a token off the board once it is earned is known as cost response. Some districts or schools may not permit response cost, in part because non-professional or support staff may use it as a punishment, and the motivation may be revenge rather than behavior management. Sometimes taking away a reinforce after it has been earned will generate some pretty unmanageable or even dangerous behavior. Sometimes support staff will use response cost just to get the student to flip out so they can be removed from the classroom and placed in an alternate safe setting (this used to be called isolation.) Token Boards for Classroom Management A token board is one of several different  visual schedules you can use to support classroom management. If you have a reinforcement schedule based on the board, you can specify either a token for each completed tasks or a combination of appropriate participation and work completion. If you give a token for each completed worksheet, you may find that your students choose only the easy ones, so you may want to offer two tokens for a particularly difficult activity. A Reinforcement Menu A menu of reinforcement choices is helpful, so your students know they have a range of choices that are acceptable. You may create a choice chart for each individual child, or permit them to choose from a larger chart. You will also find that different students have different preferences. When you create a students choice chart, it is worthwhile to take the time to do a reinforcement evaluation, especially for students with very low function.

Low SAT Scores What Should You Do

Low SAT Scores What Should You Do SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If your scores on the SAT are on the lower side, you will benefit more from prep strategies that are targeted towards your specific situation. High and low scorers usually have different struggles and goals on the SAT, so the methods that work best for each of them will differ significantly. In this article, I'll cover the reasons why high and low SAT scorers should prepare differently and which strategies SAT low scorers should and shouldn't use to have the best chances of improving their scores. Why Should High and Low Scorers Prepare Differently for the SAT? It’s common for prep books and services to advocate a one-size-fits-all approach to preparing for the SAT.This strategy can be harmful because high and low scorers have distinctneeds. Students at different score levels should approach the test in different ways so that they end up with the best chances of improving their scores. High scorers are students who are consistently scoring 1800 or higher on SAT practice tests, and low scorers are students who are consistently scoring below 1500 on SAT practice tests. Students who are between these two scores may find advice for both scoring categories helpful depending on the types of mistakes they tend to make. High scorers usually make different types of mistakes than low scorers.Their problems are more likely to come from careless mistakes and rushing.The problems that lower scorers have might be a result of gaps in content knowledge or focusing too much on difficult questions and running out of time. It'smore challenging for high scorers to improve their scores. The closer you get to a perfect score, the more of a difference one or two incorrect answers will make. High scorers who hope to do even better will have to zero in on the minutia of test-taking, but low scorers will benefit more fromtaking a broader approach and attacking the test at a basic level.The goal for low scorers is to try and answer all the easy questions and not waste time on difficult questions that they’re less likely to answer correctly.The goal for high scorers is to answer every question regardless of difficulty level and avoid running out of time or rushing and making careless mistakes. Remember, these aren’t fixed categories, just suggestions based on yourstarting point.A low scorer can ultimately turn into a high scorer and should make changes in his or her testing strategies accordingly.In the rest of this article, I will go over the best strategies for students who are currently in the "low scorer" category on the SAT. As you journey through your own personal wormhole of self-improvement on the SAT, you might change your study strategy to account for higher scores! Strategies for Low SAT Scorers Your goal as a low scorer is to get the maximum amount of points in the least amount of time. This means that you will have to approach the test strategically and avoid wasting time on questions that won't help your scores. It's best to look at the test as a fast-paced game or competition - you're not striving for perfection at every stage of the process, you're just trying to get through it and snag as many points as possible in the limited time you have. Here are some of the best strategies for low scorers who are looking to improve their performance significantly. Understand Your Mistakes If you’re trying to improve low SAT scores,it’s really important that you know where you’re going wrong and what might be holding you back.As a low scorer, you’re more likely to have problems with the content on the test in terms of math concepts and grammar rules, but you might also be making mistakes as a result of careless errors or misunderstandings.Most errors fall into one of these four categories: Careless mistake:you should have known the answer, but you got the question wrong because you rushed or didn't read carefully. Time issue:you didn't make it to the question before your time for the section was up. Misunderstanding the question:the wording of the question confused you, so you interpreted it wrong and answered incorrectly or were forced to guess. Lack of content knowledge:you never learned the fundamental skills that you needed to answer the question (this happens most often in the Math section). It’s a good idea for you totake a practice test or two and categorize your mistakes.This way, you can start practicing targeted studying that’s directed towards fixing the specific problems you have on the test.Consult our article on understanding your mistakes (link in the title of this section!) to get a more complete overview of this process. I'll also give some more specific advice about how to address common mistakes that low scorers make in the next couple of sections. Prevent Time Issues: Skip Difficult Questions If you’re scoring relatively low on the SAT, getting stuck on difficult questions can hurt your score.It’s in your best interests to skip any questions that are especially challenging for you.The best strategy is just to skip questions that you don’t know at first glance so that you have enough time to get through the whole section. Make sure you have time to answer every single easy question so you don’t miss out on any points! You might be able to go back to difficult questions at the end if you still have time, but these questions should be your last priority.Leaving the most difficult questions blank won’t ruin your scores if you’re not aiming for perfection. In the Reading section, for example, you can technically skip twenty questions and still get a 600.You need to focus primarily on accuracy in your answers to questions that you understand better. As a general rule, skip a question if you find yourself spending more than 30 seconds on it. For more in depth pacing strategies, take a look at our advice on how to stop running out of time on SAT Reading and SAT Math. Skip it, just like this creepy child. Fill in Content Gaps As a low scorer, it's very important that you diagnose and repair any gaps in your knowledge that you notice through taking practice tests. Content gaps are a common issue on the Math section because some students may have forgotten mathematical concepts that they learned a while ago or didn't fully understand in class. Filling in these gaps in your knowledge can go a long way towards building your confidence on the test and raising your scores. To fix these types of issues, you might turn to SAT prep books, class notes, or your school textbooks for study materials. See our list of the best SAT prep books for some ideas on how you can brush up on your content knowledge in different subject areas. Once you have the appropriate background knowledge, you can start trying out your newfound skills on SAT practice questions that pertain to the topic that was causing you problems. Learn to Eliminate Question Misunderstandings Question misunderstandings are a common problem on the SAT for low scorers in particular. Since the wording of SAT questions is often weird and confusing, it's easy to mix up what the test is asking for and make a mistake. A good overall strategy for avoiding this is to write down what the question is asking in a simpler form that makes more sense to you. For math questions, you can also underline the value that you're being asked to find so that you don't get sidetracked in your calculations. For questions in the reading section where the wording is confusing, underlining the most important parts of the question can also be helpful. This will remind you of what you should be focusing on as you read relevant information in the passage and prevent you from choosing answers that deviate slightly from the question's main focus. You can also prevent yourself from falling victim to these types of mistakes just by doing more practice questions. The more comfortable you are with the format of the test, the less prone you will be to misinterpreting questions. Ha it's focusing on the piece of paper that says focus. Genius. But seriously, focusing on the most important parts of each question is the key to avoiding misunderstandings! Strategies Low Scorers Should Avoid Just like there are study strategies that are especially helpful for low scorers, there are some that are especiallyunhelpfulif you have low SAT scores.Make sure to avoid these common mistakes in how you approach the test. Focusing Too Much on Careless Mistakes As a low scorer, you may be making some careless mistakes, but it's likely that you have larger problems that need to be addressed first. High scorers need to devote time to fixing the problems in their testing strategy that cause careless mistakes because they are aiming for elite scores. Low scorers need to focus on deeper issues with time, content, and question misunderstandings before delving into the realm of careless mistakes. Many students also have a tendency to diagnose too many mistakes that they make on practice tests as just "careless" when the mistakes are actually part of a different problem with their understanding of the question or with time management. You may find that your careless mistakes as a low scorer will automatically decrease as you begin to fix other issues that you have with the test. After you've fully understood and fixed other types of mistakes, you may find that you've moved up into the high scorer category and can begin to zero in on smaller issues like careless errors that are only causing you to lose a few points here and there. Pressuring Yourself to Answer Every Question High scorers who are aiming to get perfect or close to perfect results on the SAT need to make sure that they answer every question. Low scorers, however, can damage their scores if they subscribe to this mindset. As I said earlier, even if you leave twenty questions blank on the Reading section (and get everything else right) you can still get a 600. This tells you that trying to answer every single question is not a productive strategy for low scorers. If you have it in your head that you need to answer all the questions in each section, this can make it more difficult for you to focus and cause greater test anxiety. This may ultimately lead to lower scores in the long run if you spend too much energy trying to figure out difficult questions and don't have enough time to grab all the easy points. There's no need to put this kind of pressure on yourself as a low scorer! Don't let yourself get to the point where this seems like a good idea. Conclusion Students with low SAT scoresshould use different strategies than high scorers to prepare for the SAT. You're more likely to make certain types of mistakes as a low scorer, and most of your energy should go towards fixing those problems. The best strategies for low scorers include: Understanding your mistakes Skipping difficult questions Filling in content gaps Avoiding question misunderstandings Low scorers should avoid strategies like focusing exclusively on careless errors or attempting to answer every question on the test. As your scores improve, you might end up reaching a level where these strategies are more relevant, but for now you should focus on the deeper issues you have with content and format on the SAT. What's Next? For more advice on improving your scores, read our articles on how to get a 600 on SAT Math, SAT Reading, and SAT Writing. You should also check out these fifteen quick tips for improving your overall scores on the SAT. Struggling with the SAT essay? Here are a bunch of different strategies for improving your score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Organizational Behavior Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational Behavior Analysis - Term Paper Example If that is true, it is logical to say that no two organizations are the same either in behavior, culture or attitude. Organizational behavior plays a vital role in determining the success and failures of modern organizations. Globalization and liberalization have brought huge changes in organizations world. Modern organizations are working in a multicultural environment. Diverse workforce is common in most of the current organizations. Multicultural workforce would definitely have diverse communication means. Same way, strategies necessary to motivate a diverse workforce could be extremely different. Instead of intelligence quotient, emotional quotient of the employees appears to be more important in modern organizations. In short, new paradigms of OB are entering organizational world as time goes on. Apple Inc. is one of the prominent organizations in the world at present. They are the second largest in terms of market capitalization and also the most valuable technology company in the world at present. This paper analyses the importance of culture, communication, motivational techniques, emotional quotient and new paradigms in controlling the behavior of modern organizations, by taking Apple Inc. as the example. Culture As mentioned earlier, multiculturalism is not a myth, but a fact in modern organizations. ... When people from different cultures are working in the same organization, human resource managers may face lot of problems. The success of the organization lies in how well the HR managers solve such problems. For example, Muslims always like to have weekly off on Fridays whereas Christians like to have that on Sundays. These kind of contrasting interests or beliefs often cause problems to the HR managers. Even in the same culture, different subcultures often exist. For example, Roman Catholics and Protestants are two of the prominent communities in the Christian culture. Same way, Shia, Sunnis Kurds and Arabs are the subcultures in Islamic culture. The behavior, rituals, and customs of these subcultures are often different. â€Å"Some cultures put more emphasis on universal commitments (like honesty) while others put more weight on loyalty to particular people and relationships† (Ghemawat and Reiche, 2011, p.2). For example, people from some cultures are ready to tell even li es to save the interests of their companion. Such people places the value of relationships much above than anything else in this world. At the same time there are plenty of people who are not ready to tell lies even when their friends need their support badly. In short, modern organizations are operating based on the principles of pluralism and dualism and hence the salad bowl theory is extremely relevant to the modern organizations. As everybody knows, salad in a bowl consists of different vegetables and fruits. In other words, salads integrate the tastes of different vegetables and fruits and give eaters a unique taste. The taste of a salad is the sum total of the tastes of the individual components in it. It should be noted that the

Crisis Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Crisis Management - Research Paper Example This report will present a brief overview of crisis associated with the companies that is, organizational crisis will be the main area of study. In addition, this report will also present insights of the modern crisis management techniques adopted by organizations around the world. Furthermore, the report will also throw light on the cases where companies have faced crisis situation and how they dealt and overcame that situation. In this context the company which has been chosen to depict the importance of crisis management and also to reveal how the company surmounted the situation is Nokia. After that, depending upon the findings of the literature study a conclusion will be drawn. Finally some recommendations will be also provided by which will assist companies to address different forms of crisis. Defining Crisis Eminent scholars have stressed on the fact that crisis is a threat to organizations, an unexpected element and short periods of risk (Akers, 2007, p.11). It can affect ev ery segments of the social order that include educational institutions, non profits, churches, business, families, government etc. This study will however focus on the issue in the context of an organization. For an organization crisis can be illustrated as an anomalous and uncharacteristic situation or perception, which is beyond the control of an organization and also threatens to impact their operation. Several cases have also pointed out that if a possible crisis is identified at the initial stage, it will have least impact or the impact can be minimized to a large extent. On the other hand if a company fails to determine the possible crisis at the initial stage, it can adversely affect the operation of an organization. Even in some cases, a crisis can also threaten the survival of a business. Hence for them to survive and operate effectively in the market place, superior crisis management techniques and tools should be in place (Fearn-Banks, 2010, p.2). Defining Crisis Manageme nt Crisis management is simply defined as a systematic effort to circumvent or manage the crisis that an organization may face during its lifetime. The concept of crisis management was initiated during the 1980s, when large number of environmental and industrial disasters took place (Barton, 2007, p.5). In order to manage a crisis effectively an organization should consider a systematic approach towards the improvement process as it is indispensable to safeguard the reputation of company along with its brands. Therefore companies should enlighten their customers about the happening and to some extent is necessary for survival (Khodarahmi, 2009, p.524). Additionally, eminent scholars such as Appelbaum, Keller, Alvarez & Bedard (2012) added that relatively modern concepts such as strategic planning can also be effective in managing organizational crisis to a satisfactory level. The authors also put emphasis on the fact that a number of US corporations are employing this concept to for ecast and deal with the issues, threats or problems that are beyond the operating control of the firms. Discussion Eminent scholars such as Dinant and Miller have identified seminal researchers in the same field of study. They categorized the study into two major groups namely macro and micro sizes. The primary intention of their study was to offer insights regarding the most committed

History questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History questions - Essay Example The concept of city-states began with them and they were known to practice some religious beliefs because of the ziggurats or the terraced temples. 2. AKKADIANS: The Akkadians who were natives of central Mesopotamia, had their own Akkadian writing using the cuneiform. Authors like Ziomkowski and Spielvogel claimed that they invented the stamps and instituted regular postal services and cadastral survey (3;6). Noble (18) said they gave us the first great warlord known to mankind and this was Sargon. 3. BABYLONIANS OR AMORITES: These inhabited lower Mesopotamia or near the Tigris-Euphrates delta. But with the conquest of the Akkadians and the Sumerians, King Hammurabi was able to carve a kingdom that unified almost the whole of Mesopotamia. Hammurabi then established the Code of Hammurabi, which was a list of judgments stressing fairness and justice among citizens. They then devised a calendar, consisting of 12 lunar months, with 30 days for each month and with 24 hours for each day. They also had a system 4. ASSYRIANS: These were warlike people in upper Mesopotamia who first utilized iron weapons and made use of chariots and cavalry. They invented battering rams and mobile towers to ensure victory in wars as well as what Noble(66) calls sapper work or excavation methods to undermine city walls of enemies. 5. 5. NEO-BABYLONIANS OR CHALDEANS: Led by King Nebuchadnezzar, these accomplished people who made a mark in astronomy, agriculture and the construction of buildings such as The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, will always be remembered for the destruction of Jerusalem and the captivity of the Jews (Noble et al 44). 6. LYDIANS: These inhabited the now northwestern Turkey and they were noted for their wealth and the beauty of its capital Sardis. Under King Croesus, they invented coinage and its minting using gold, silver and electrum. They were also the first to put up retail shops. 7. PERSIANS: These were people, who together with the Medes, occupied present day Iran. They will always be remembered because of their great warrior kings Cyrus the Great, Darius the Great and Xerxes who built one of the largest empire in the world. They also brought Zoroastrianism and a system of governance that divided the empire into 20 provinces, each ruled by a satrap and a system of road building as well as improvement of trade and a barter economy. 8. EGYPTIANS: These people were superb engineers, architects and builders. Denizens of the Nile River delta and oases, they constructed 35 pyramids, temples, obelisks and palaces. They established the art of mummification and the belief of immortality after death. They invented hieroglyphic writing on papyrus and the use of Rosetta stone to encrypt these writings. They devised irrigation and agricultural techniques and an efficient administration techniques under a vizier as well as the concept of Ma'at (Noble 25) or justice and the empowerment of