How Useful is Bakhtin’s Concept of Carnival?

Bakhtin Mikhail Mikhailovich (1895-1975) was Russian philosophist, literary critic and the theorist of art. He is a representative of Russian Structuralism and his historical and theoretical researches on epic and novel literature are important for understanding of the cultural development. Mikhail Bakhtin was one of the first theorists who investigated the polyphonic form of the novel ( «Problems of Dostoyevsky's Poetics », 1929) and folk â€Å"laughing† culture of the Medieval Ages ( «Rabelais and his World, 1965).He is also an author of the essays  «The issues of literature and esthetics » (1975) and â€Å"On the philosophy of the act† (1986). He was the first who use the concepts of dialogism (The Dialogic Imagination) and heteroglossia, the carnivalesque and chronotope in the literary critique. Bakhtin’s concepts are very useful for explanation of the nature of the genre of the novel. The â€Å"dialogism† and â€Å"heteroglossia† invo lve a special â€Å"multivoiced use of language†. The concept of the novelistic â€Å"chronotope† describes historical aspects of literary sources; it uses specified and differentiated time and space for the plot.The present essay is devoted to the concept of â€Å"the carnivalesque†. Bakhtin considers that novels â€Å"can be described as inspired by a laughing truth, indebted to parodic genres and to the spirit of carnival†. Bakhtin was interesting in Rabelaisian work since 1930s. His first work about this Renaissance writer was  «Francois Rabelais in the history of the realism » (1940). This work appeared in the time when Soviet ideology admitted concepts of the realism and the national character. Bakhtin adopted these categories and proposed the concept of carnivalesque.He suggested that low humor culture of Medieval Ages and Renaissance was a power folk opposition to the official values and government. The characteristic of folk low humor, the â €Å"life of the belly† was accepted as the main source of Rabelais book and became a discovery in the critique on medieval literature and, particularly, Rabelais creative work. It was the first publication about the philosophy of laugh. The theory of carnivalesque was developed not only for the explanation of local historical fact but as a universal phenomenon of the world culture.Bakhtin’s idea about  «carnivalization » of literature was developed in other works, but the first record of this theory appeared in the second edition of the monograph on Dostoyevsky. After the Second World War, in 1946 Bakhtin tried to defend theses in the Institute of World Literature (Moscow). The subject of his theses was the creative work of Rabelais. But in Stalin epoch his dissertation was rejected (Bakhtin received the degree of candidate of science (the lowest scientific degree in Russia) only in 1952) and they prohibited publishing the text of the dissertation about Rabelais.Mi khail Bakhtin published the book â€Å"Tvorchestvo Fransua Rable i narodnaya kul’tura srednevekovia i Renessansa† (The creative work of Francois Rabelais and the popular culture of the Medieval Ages and the Renaissance more known as Rabelais and his World) only in 1965. In the next couple years this book was translated in foreign languages (English translation by Helene Iswolsky was published in Cambridge, MA: M. I. T. Press, in 1968) and it opened the epoch of Bakhtin’s influence on the Russian and world humanistic thought.The central esthetic idea of Rabelais and his World is â€Å"grotesque realism†. Rabelais created images of the grotesque body; he emphasized the features of â€Å"lower bodily strata†. The grotesque body is opened to the world, his physiology is not hidden, and this body degrades and regenerates actively. â€Å"In grotesque realism†¦ the bodily element is deeply positive. It is presented not in a private, egoistic form, s evered from other spheres of life, but as something universal, representing all the people.As such it is opposed to severance from the material and bodily roots of the world; it makes no pretense to renunciation of the earthy, or independence of the earth and the body. We repeat: the body and bodily life have here a cosmic and at the same time an all-people's character; this is not the body and its physiology in the modern sense of these words, because it is not individualized. The material bodily principle is contained not in the biological individual, not in the bourgeois ego, but in the people, a people who are continually growing and renewed†¦.This exaggeration has a positive, assertive character. The leading themes of these images of bodily life are fertility, growth, and a brimming-over abundance. Manifestations of this life refer not to the isolated biological individual, not to the private, egotistic ‘economic man,' but to the collective ancestral body of all the people† (Bakhtin, Rabelais and his World, p. 19). Bakhtin found the Renaissance was a period of the benign balance between destructive and regenerative features of grotesque realism. He wrote:â€Å"The essence of the grotesque is precisely to present a contradictory and double-faced fullness of life. Negation and destruction (death of the old) are included as an essential phase, inseparable from affirmation, from the birth of something new and better. The very material bodily lower stratum of the grotesque image (food, wine, the genital force, the organs of the body) bears a deeply positive character. This principle is victorious, for the final result is always abundance, increase† (Bakhtin, Rabelais and his World, chapter 1, p. 62).Mikhail Bakhtin emphasized an opposition between the low popular culture and the official culture of the later middle Ages and early Renaissance. The official culture use static stratified model of the world. Unofficial culture is a culture of Carnival. The etymology of the word â€Å"Carnival† is enough sophisticated. The word is derivated from Italian carnevale, alteration of earlier carnelevare, literally, removal of meat, from carne flesh (from Latin carn-, caro) + levare (from Latin to remove, to raise). Another explanation finds roots of the Carnival in Ancient mysteries.They derivate word â€Å"Carnival† from â€Å"carrus-navalis† (the chariot-ship) of Roman religious ceremonies. Carnival concentrates the contrasts of folk culture and shows the chaotic and imperfect nature of the world. An individual of the middle Ages lived two lives: one that was the official life (church, social duties etc), another was the carnival life filled in with burlesque and low humor. The novel of Rabelais shows how the popular culture liberated the society and how the conventionalities were destroyed in the contact with the reality of the modern era.Bakhtin sees Rabelais not only as a novelist but â€Å"his wor k embodies a whole new philosophy of history, in which the world is viewed in the process of becoming† (Bakhtin’s cycle, 2004). In the Prologue to Rabelais and His World Michael Holquist wrote: â€Å"Bakhtin's carnival, surely the most productive concept in this book, is not only not an impediment to revolutionary change, it is revolution itself. Carnival must not be confused with mere holiday or, least of all, with self-serving festivals fostered by governments, secular or theocratic.The sanction for carnival derives ultimately not from a calendar prescribed by church or state, but from a force that preexists priests and kings and to whose superior power they are actually deferring when they appear to be licensing carnival. † (Michael Holquist, â€Å"Prologue,† Rabelais and His World) The carnival of the adventures of Pantagruel is not similar to the modern carnival. The Renaissance cultures understand the carnival as the â€Å"temporary suspension of al l hierarchic distinctions and barriers among men †¦ and of the prohibitions of usual life.†(Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World p. 15). The Renaissance Carnival is unusual world where festive pleasure and philosophy exists contemporarily. It is topsyturvy world, the world of the primary chaos. Bakhtin proposed the semiotic theory of the carnival, the theory of the carnivalizing of quotidian life. The central idea of the concept of carnivalizing or carnivalesque is an â€Å"inversion of binary contraposition† – replacing official values with low folk culture. When people came to the carnival square than all routine ideas and their oppositions of Christianity change each other.The King of Carnival is a pauper or fool (trickster). Everybody does honor to him. There is a Carnival bishop and Christianic sanctuaries could be desecrated. The top became the bottom, the head – the genitals (low body). Females and males switch their places. Billingsgate and devout phrases change each other. Everything was subject of top down imposition. Why? Bakhtin found roots of the carnival in the agrarian cults of pre-Christianic culture. Carnivalizing â€Å"makes it possible to extend the narrow sense of life† (Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World p. 177).The aspiration of carnival is to uncover, undermine – even destroy, the hegemony of any ideology that seeks to have the final word about the world, and also to renew, to shed light upon life, the meanings it harbours, to elucidate potentials; projecting, as it does an alternate conceptualisation of reality. Dialogism is a fundamental aspect of the carnival – a plurality of ‘fully valid consciousnesses' (Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, p. 9), Baktin used the concept of the dialogism as a necessary condition of the understanding: â€Å"Two voices is the minimum for life, the minimum for existence† (Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, p. 252).The carnival papered over the differe nces between the social strata. â€Å"Carnival is the place for working out a new mode of interrelationship between individuals . . . People who in life are separated by impenetrable hierarchical barriers enter into free and familiar contact on the carnival square† (Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, p. 123). Today the elements of carnivalesque are inherent for some ethnic groups, e. g. Bantu tribe. Traditions of European carnival culture flourish in Latin America, in particular in Brazil. (It’s interesting, that so popular in the Brazilian carnivals â€Å"samba† came from the Bantu word â€Å"semba†).In the modern culture the carnivalesque is actual as never before – but it is another carnivalesque. Mikhail Bakhtin’s carnivalesque has four main themes: the tumultuous crowd, the world turned upside-down, the comic masks and the grotesque body. Bakhtin also categorizes the carnivalesque into three basic forms: ritual spectacles (such as fairs, feasts, wakes, processions, mummery, dancing and open-air amusements with costumes, masks, giants, dwarfs etc), comic verbal compositions and various genres of billingsgate or abusive language.â€Å"†¦ we are especially interested in the language which mocks and insults the deity and which was part of the ancient comic cults† (Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, p. 16). But some authors found limitations in the theory of the carnivalesque. Richard Berrong wrote that Bakhtin‘s theory had some weaknesses. Bakhtin emphasized the role of laughter culture but do not take in the account the historical context of Rabelais's changing attitude (R. M. Berrong, Rabelais and Bakhtin†¦ , Ã'€. 15, 19-51).The concept of the carnivalesque helps us to identify an atmosphere of festivities, disdain of authority and material anti-intellectualism in literature. It could be applicable to certain genres carousals in Flemish painting and to the social criticism of postmodern art. Bak htin’s concept of carnivalesque could be useful way for the analysis processes connecting the comic and the serious issues of routine life. Medieval carnival players went to the streets in masks and costumes, their ritual spectacles (e. g. the Feast of Fools or the Feast of the Innocents) were full with the topsyturvy.The citizens were admitted to â€Å"occupy† the cathedral and turn it upside down and inside out. They could tell everything and do everything. They were equal and close in this moment. They were very much like Americans today. Where is American carnivalesque? You could find in the streets of New Orleans during Mardi Gras or in the New York during Greenwich Village Halloween Parade. If can find it in the bad blocks and slums. Mikhail Bakhtin's concept of the â€Å"carnivalesque† can be applied to ethnical studies of African American or Latin American culture.Today we can use the concept of the carnivalesque when we analyze issues of satire and paro dy in the festival performance of the globalization. We can see the elements of carnivalizing in the pubs, in political actions, advertising and media, in the street theater etc. We see grotesque body of the modern civilization and the modern art. For example if we apply Bakhtin's idea of the carnivalesque to the comedies and romantic movies we can easily find accordance to Bakhtin's description of the world turned upside down in the interests of liberating laughter.In Bakhtin's view, comedy relocates the spiritual from the top (a head and the face) to the bottom (the belly, the bowels and the genitals): â€Å"The essential principle of grotesque realism is degradation, that is, the lowering of all that is high, spiritual, ideal, abstract† (Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, p. 19). Another modern arena of the contemporary carnivalesque is advertising. Carnivalesque PR stunts are used to attract attention of the potential customer. Otherwise, traditions of the carnival could co nstitute a strategy of resistance to the abusing advertising.I found very interesting material about rave music and use of Bakhtin’s concept of carnivalesque. Rave is out of the mainstream. Like medieval carnival the rave has capacity to disrupt and remake official public norms, both they lead people into the â€Å"symbolic sphere of utopian freedom†. Rave realizes its carnivalesque features in several ways. There are no exclusions to participate in the medieval carnival or rave party and there is no hierarchy between people in the time of festivity or the party. There are oppositions between official and non-official life etc (Rave as Carnival, 2004).But I think that Mikhail Bakhtin never think we will use his concepts to argue our non-trivial ideas about music, movies, public relations – about everything. He was a literary critic and proposed the concept of the carnivalesque to explain dynamics of social changes in the late Medieval Ages and early Renaissance. He uses Rabelais’ work because he was the most typical writer for this period and the elements of carnival grotesque were shown in Gargantua and Pantagruel very clearly. Mikhail Bakhtin died in 1975. He made an important contribution to science. But his concept is not universal.Nothing is perfect.References 1. Bakhtin and Medieval Voices. (1995) University Press of Florida. Gainesville.2. Carnival, History And Popular Culture: Rabelais, Goethe And Dostoevskii As Philosophers (2004) The Internet encyclopedia of philosophy http://www. iep. utm. edu/b/bakhtin. htm.3. Rabelais and Bakhtin Popular Culture in â€Å"Gargantua and Pantagruel† by Richard M. Berrong (1986) University of Nebraska Press, 180 p..4. Rabelais and His World by Mikhail Bakhtin (1984) Indiana University Press 510 p..5. Rave as a carnival (2004) http://www. odevarsivi. com/12/50972. htm.

First Day in College

First Day in College According to a scientific research we record moments which leave significant marks in our emotional state or in our lifes. There has been circumsatances I’ve lived through that has impacted in my life. One of those remarkable moments was my first day in college. There’s many people that maybe can not understand how difficult is to emigrate. My transition to this country accumulated stess and excitement in the same time. Many people have never tried the feeling of being alone and with nobody. There is no one I can related to have or socialize with that.That’s America gave me. It put in my way a lot of challenges to pass through. The first one was my first day in college. I remembered that day like was today. The particular one also showed me the differences between America and Eastern part of Europe. It was September 4th 2013. It was a beautiful autumn day. I didn’t sleep the night before despite I took pills to help sleep. I guess it w as emotional because I was excited. Anyway I slept two hours. I got up at 7 o’clock. I took a shower,aet the breakfast and I got dressed.All of those movuments were involuntary because I was in a different sate of mind . Physically I was in Torrington while my while part of mine was in 271 Scott Swamp Rd Farmington where the college is located. It was warm and sunny that morning so I was wearing a squared blu shirt and a pair of blue jeans. I took my black backpack and I went outside where my old brown Chrysler was waiting for me ready for a new adventure. While I got out from my praking lot I started to get cold despite the warmth outside. It was 7:45 when I passed Torrington .I had driven to Tunxis only once before that day. I had an iphone but without data so in those circumstances I was afraid of getting lost and missing that important day. So basically I took route 4 and I kept going while I was listening to music. In the same time I was asking myself if I was in right w ay. I was in that status until the Tunxis campus appeared ahead. Then another question came in my mind â€Å"What about now? † I passed last lights and I turend the wheels all the way to the left where the college parking lot is. It was full with cars.I’ve never seen something like that in any college or high school in my country. Luckly I found I parking lot. I took my backpack from the back seat and I walked straight to the main entarance. It was 8:20 while the class started in 8:30. There’s so many young students like me that were walking to the campus but I bet none of them were like me,I mean like my emotional state. So, I entered in the main entranece of the college which basically is 100 building. When I entered it was so much difference between albanian schools which has only headmaster room and teachers room.I directly noticed the Faculty Office on the left and the Record Office on the right. I didn’t know where to go and where my class was. For that reason I took to the right I went up to the end at Information Desk where I asked and the told me to look through the sheets attached in the desk which were behind me. That’s what I did. I saw that my first class was Integrated Reading and Writing I and it would be in room 210. Again I asked a guy who passed by and he told me to go through the door in front of me and to take right in the second door. Finally I found it.There were other students whose were waiting like me. I was watching them and in the same time I was wondering if the would be my first classmates. In that moment an old short blond woman came up toward greeting us. She took a piece of paper form her bag and she saw the code to open the class door. I didnt see before a class door like this. In Albania it dosent exist. We all took a chair. It was a different classroom that I was expected. The student desk was small and couldn’t have space for two or more students like the desks in Albania were.Anothe r thing that took my curiosity was a guy who took in his hand a Dunkin’Donuts coffee in class which in my country I couldn’t even take a bottle of water in class beace any driks or foods are prohibited. My attention went to my new teacher when she started speaking not Albanian but in English in which I wasn’t used to. She introduced herself. Her name was Christina. She read our names. When she came into my name she pronounced it wrong so I had a little conversation in order to prounounce my name well despite my broken English. After that the student who were in class started talking with the teacher.I was the only one who didn’t participate in class. beacuse I was shy. Therefore three hours went by quickly so that class was over at 11:20. When I got out of the class I felt like I accomplished hard duty. The halls of the 100 Building were overcrowded by students but it was quite not like in my country where is too noisy even with fewer students. That day I had only one class but my day was still not done yet. I had to meet an Italian girl whose name is Alessia. Her father is my uncle’s best friend and she is her to help me with anything because she knew all the things there because she was there since two years.She got my number from my uncle so she texed me and she saidto meet in Library. I went there and I saw here. She was the most beautiful girl that I’ve ever met. We started taling for about an hour about ourselves. She asked me about how I felt in America and stuff like that. We talk an hours but it seemed to me like 5 minutes. Now I can understand Einstain’s quote about relativity †Put your hand in a hot stove for a minute and it seems like an houer. Sit with a pretty girl for an hour and it seems like a minute. That’s relativity. †That girl was like the cherry on top of the cake. She made my day.

A Comparison Of Machiavelli And Hobbes Politics Essay

A Comparison Of Machiavelli And Hobbes Politics Essay Machiavelli and Hobbes were the most important political philosophers of early modernity. Politically, modernitys earliest phase starts with  Niccolà ³ Machiavellis works which openly rejected the medieval and Aristotelian style of analyzing politics by comparison ideas about how things should be, in favor of realistic analysis of how things really are. He also proposed that an aim of politics is to control one’s own chance or fortune, and that relying upon providence actually leads to evil. Machiavelli argued, for example, that violent divisions within political communities are unavoidable, but can also be a source of strength which law-makers and leaders should account for and even encourage in some ways.   [ 1 ]    Machiavelli’s recommendations were sometimes influential upon kings and princes, but eventually came to be seen as favoring free republics over monarchies. Machiavelli in turn influenced  Francis Bacon,  Marchamont Needham,  Harrington,  Jo hn Milton,  David Hume, and many others.   [ 2 ]    Important modern political doctrines which stem from the new Machiavellian realism include  Mandeville’s influential proposal that â€Å"Private Vices by the dexterous Management of a skilful Politician may be turned into Public Benefits† (the last sentence of his  Fable of the Bees), and also the doctrine of a constitutional â€Å"separation of powers† in government, first clearly proposed by  Montesquieu. Both these principles are enshrined within the  constitutions  of most  modern democracies. It has been observed that while Machiavelli’s realism saw a value to war and political violence, his lasting influence has been â€Å"tamed† so that useful conflict was deliberately converted as much as possible to formalized political struggles and the economic â€Å"conflict† encouraged between free, private enterprises.   [ 3 ]    As I said in the first paragraph of this e ssay I will start with  Thomas Hobbes, attempts were made to use the methods of the new modern physical sciences, as proposed by  Bacon  and  Descartes, applied to humanity and politics. Notable attempts to improve upon the methodological approach of Hobbes include those of  Locke,  Spinoza,  Giambattista Vico  and Rousseau.  David Hume  made what he considered to be the first proper attempt at trying to apply Bacon’s scientific method to political subjects, rejecting some aspects of the approach of Hobbes.   [ 4 ]    Modernist republicanism openly influenced the foundation of republics during the  Dutch Revolt  (1568-1609),  English Civil War  (1642-1651),  American Revolution  (1775-1783) and the  French Revolution  (1789-1799 A second phase of modernist political thinking begins with Rousseau, who questioned the natural rationality and sociality of humanity and proposed that  human nature  was much more malleable than had been pr eviously thought. By this logic, what makes a good political system or a good man is completely dependent upon the chance path whole person has taken over history. This thought influenced the political (and aesthetic) thinking of  Immanuel Kant,  Edmund Burke  and others and led to a critical review of modernist politics. On the conservative side, Burke argued that this understanding encouraged caution and avoidance of radical change. However more ambitious movements also developed from this insight into human  culture, initially  Romanticism  and  Historicism, and eventually both the  Communism  of  Karl Marx, and the modern forms of  nationalism  inspired by the  French Revolution, including, in one extreme, the German  Nazi  movement.

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Plate Tectonics and Weathering and Erosion - Essay Example Some territories of our planet suffer from annual earthquakes constantly, but it does not mean that population of these regions has got used to such events. In reality unpredictability and dreadful consequences of any natural disasters keep people in tension and fear, proving the fact that human life is fragile and unsecured. The main causes of earthquakes are the following: breaking of frail rocks and formation of hollow spaces in the Earth’s crust; volcano’s eruption; movement of tectonic plates, which collide with each other, causing heavy pushes. Making precise prognosis concerning the impending earthquake has been always rather complicated, however, nowadays scientist with a help of special equipment and methodic try to enhance people’s awareness and safety. Frequently, studying animals’ behavior can be very useful, due to their strange reactions before earthquakes. Hence, dogs start to wail and cats become more aggressive and even frantic. Noticing s uch changes in animals’ behavior, person gets opportunity to prepare himself for inevitable event. According to this, it is important to fix all furniture in the house and lay in a supply of primary necessities.

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Zara case - Essay Example Moreover, the main paper has also discussed how some aspects of supply chain relate to specific segments of the market and their impact to the breath of the industry including competition that leads into price variations. Ultimately, the paper has discussed some of the impacts that occur due to increase in the number if the retailing chains and the distribution outlets (Pisano & Adams, 2009). From the case study, facts can be drawn that supply chain strategy enhances balanced scorecard between customers and the organization. It also ensures that there are consistency and improvement in the value of production. The study has also given an insight how supply chain strategy must be made compatible with the market demands. Moreover, it draws an alignment to identify why there must be a proper link between supply chain and the satisfaction of the customers (Pisano & Adams, 2009). With VF brands as part of the cases study, it has clearly been pointed out that an organizational success can easily be achieved when a company is focused in the expansive innovation through wholesale and retail owned

Exam 1 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Exam 1 - Research Paper Example This event requires adequate replacement mechanisms for the economic continuity of the nation. Chronological trends indicate that replacement of the retired workforce has been a challenge to the regime. The low application turnout towards governmental vacancies has been attributable to the negative perspective from college graduates. The graduated professionals from colleges have a very low opinion towards serving the regime. Most of these seniors from college do not have a vivid understanding of government jobs. Additionally, the government takes an extremely lengthy duration to recruit a single employee. In this case, the government ought to implement strategies to attract college graduates and professionals towards the available posts in agencies. The government should shorten the recruitment span. This would entail superficial recruitment of workers without investigating the individual in great depths. A span of probation would determine whether the individual deserves the post. Additionally, the government should also educate the college graduates about serving in diverse posts. This would inculcate a new perspective of serving the government into the college graduates. Pay banding The General schedule has dictated on the compensation channels to the employees serving in the regime. Under the schedule, the level step of an employee determines the payment. The time of experience within the post determines the step of the employee. For instance, a one year old employee in service might belong to step one. This philosophy surfaced much focus on time spent in service, rather than an individual’s performance. Managers have minimal discretion, while technicians express immense authority within the urgency. The technicians decided the grade of equipment to a department in the agency. Pay band strategies performed a replacement of the General Schedule. These strategies oversaw the delegation of much authority and support to the managers. The strategies also focused on performance of an employee to determine payment. Pay banding initiated immense advantage even to the recruitment process. This system required new recruits to receive their pay according to their range within the agency. Consequently, it would appeal for more attention and attraction from the college graduates and talents. Evidently, this was a remedy to the concept of the General schedule. Category rating In this system, line managers have utmost authority towards the recruitment procedure. This system was a remedy to traditional methodologies of recruitment within agencies. The traditional methodologies used the philosophy of â€Å"rule of three.† According to this principle, the recruitment process involved picking three best candidates. This was regardless of the close performers of the top applicants. Category rating implemented a new strategy of grouping the applicants according to their performance. For instance, there would be clusters of â€Å"highly qua lified,† â€Å"qualified,† and â€Å"not qualified.† This would give the appointing manager a platform to choose an individual from the top category. Upon exhausting the first list, the manager has an alternative to choose from the subsequent category. This was an outstanding recommendation for the governmental agencies. The selection procedure is more accurate and fair. Question 2 Government agencies have the capacity of maintaining well-adjusted and trained workforce. The government

13 Explain The Post 16 Options Essay Example for Free

13 Explain The Post 16 Options Essay The opportunities for pupils aged 16 and over has traditionally been either to leave school and start employment or to stay and continue with their education. Although many pupils do still choose one of these options, there is now more opportunities available as there has been an increased government focus on education for post 16 year olds in particular a focus on reducing the number of young people not in education, employment or training. The government is in the process of increasing the age to which all young people in England must continue in education or training. Since 2013  all young people have been required to continue in education or training untill they turn 17 years of age this will increase to 18 years of age by 2015. The goverment are focusing on post 16 options because they want to increase the quality of education available and ensure that all young people have the tools and opportunities they need to fulfil their potential so they are prepared for further education and work regardles of their background or life circumstances. See more:  Perseverance essay By giving young people the options to undertake academic and vocational education including appreniteships and traineeships they are  providing the skills need for life and work helping to create a more responsible, engaged and cohesive society. The post 16 options set out by the government are:  ·College  ·Sixth form  ·Apprenticeships  ·Employment with training One of the reasons for this change has been because of the governments concerns over the number of 16-24 year olds who have been classified as Neets. Neets are young people who are not in employment, education or training and are between the ages of 16-24. There is a number of factors that can contribute to young people becoming Neets they are:  ·Young people who were eligible for free school meals are more likely to become neets than those not eligible.  ·Young people who have been excluded or suspended from school are more likely to become neets than those not.  ·Young people who have their own child are more likely to become neets than those who dont.  ·Young people who have a disability are more likely to become neets than those who are not.  ·Young people who achieved five or more GCSEs A to C grade are less likely to become neets than those who have not. The government hopes that by raising the participation age it will ensure that  young people are equiped with the skills they need to be able to gain qualifications that will lead to sustainable jobs. Education and training is provided by a number of different ways for example:  ·Colleges  ·Universities  ·Charities  ·Armed forces  ·Youth and community organisations  ·Employment training  ·Private training providers The learners can work towards a range both academic and vocational qualifications as well as take GCSEs and functional skills such as English and Maths. They can work towards getting Alevels, access courses, foundation degrees and post graduate qualifications. In addition to the qualifications mentioned there are professional and specialist qualifications available to learners such as first aid, safeguarding training, manual handing ect. All the above together will help to ensure that:  ·More young people go on to study and gain the skills and qualifications that lead to sustainable jobs.  ·They will be fewer young people who are classified as neets (not in education, employment or training.  ·More young people will be involved in social action and feel they can make postivite changes in society and their own lives.

International Trade and Globalization Essay Example for Free

International Trade and Globalization Essay According to Hill, globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy (2009). Globalization has several facets, including the globalization of markets and the globalization of production. Globalization of markets is to the merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace. Globalization of production is to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production (such as labor, energy, land, and capital) (Hill, 2009). There are several traditional international trade theories that would support the concept of globalization. The first theory is free trade that refers to a situation in which a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can produce and sell to another country. Another theory is mercantilism, which is an economic philosophy advocating that countries should simultaneously encourage exports and discourage imports. The final theory is the theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin. Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin show why it is beneficial for a country to engage in international trade even for products it can produce for itself. According to Adam Smith, â€Å"countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these good for the goods produced by other countries† (2009). Heckscher-Ohlin theory predicts that countries will export goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant; while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scare (2009). Finally, Ricardo’s theory suggest that countries should specialize in the production of those goods they produce most efficiently and buy goods that they produce less efficiently from other countries (2009). There are two major factors that drive globalization. The first driver is the decline in barriers that allow the free flow of goods, services, and capital that has occurred since the end of World War II (2009). For example with the decline in barriers, countries can export merchandise freely without any disruptions in hipments. During the 1920s, many of the world’s nation-states erected formidable barriers to international trade and foreign direct investment (2009). Many of the barriers to international trade took the form of high tariffs on imports of manufactured goods (2009). The second driver of globalization is technology change (2009). For example, the constant change in technology allows companies the ability to produce more, which in turn allows other countries to participate the building of developments. Another example is throughout time, the progress in technology permits communication to be more advanced by allowing people to access the Internet and the World Wide Web. The final example of technology change is the change in transportation. The change in technology such as commercial aircrafts and freighters that are tractor trucks and cargo ships that allows shipments to be packed in containers and shipped across the world. The effects of globalization have impact to the military, especially during a time of war. Armed Forces Network (AFN) is the main source of television communications throughout Europe. AFN supplies network to the military in Afghanistan and Iraq so the troops can unwind and watch television. AFN provides cross-border flow of television services. Another effect of globalization that impacts the military while being deployed is food services. Food that the local nationals transport to different military posts in Afghanistan is shipped in from other countries and cross through Iran. The third effect on the military of globalization on the military is the acts of violence against the military overseas. A poor country such as Afghanistan, rely on their local grown produce but instead is being taken over by products foreign product verses using the locals products. The final effect of globalization that impacts the community is the problem of outsourcing jobs. American’s have a high unemployment rate due to the lack of jobs in the market. The military is over strength because of citizens not able to find work. In the deployment zone, many civilians are risking their own lives to work as a contractor for the government because they cannot find work.

Fw Taylor Scientific Management Theory Business Essay

Fw Taylor Scientific Management Theory Business Essay This leadership style is about take it or leaves it, which means that the boss has the right to make decisions not the workers. In such leadership style there is always one way communication. Workers sometime feel demotivated because the managers do not benefits from the experience of their employees working in organization from a very long. Democratic There is a two way communication which means that in democratic leadership style workers are also involve in decision making because managers think that they can get new ideas from workers for the success of the business. While making quick decisions consulting staff can be a time consuming as well. Paternalistic This is leadership style where managers consult staff to make decisions but at the end managers decide what they think is the best for them. In such case workers sometime gets demotivated because they give their ideas but managers just ignore them due to which workers think that they are just a time wasters. Laisse Fair A type of leadership where managers let worker go and delegate all the authority of decision making. Workers have full rights of decision making as the managers are not even able to come up with any goal or direction and completely involve workers in decision making. Some employees sometime get lost because of a lack of direction and framework and no feedback from managers. P7 F.W Taylor Scientific Management Theory Taylor made his first attempt on workers motivation. His thoughts about workers motivation were that management should give workers proper instructions about their job to increase workers productivity. Taylors scientific approach was that select worker to perform a task, record the time taken by each worker to do each part of the task and then identify the quickest method recorded, train workers by the recorded quickest method and do not allow workers to make any changes to it, give workers a specific time period to complete their task and supervise them so that they do not exceed the given time limit and pay workers based on their performance. The result of Taylors research was that many industries adopt Taylors approach for greater profit as the approach was about increase productivity and performance related pay. Adams Equity Theory A theory which focuses on peoples feelings of how fairly they have been treated Depends on the comparisons we make with others and on how we perceive the relationship between inputs i-e time, effort, skills, experience, ideas and outputs i-e remuneration and recognition. If we think we have done better than we should have done, we may feel some tension but can bear that more easily than feeling hard done by Elton Mayo Human Relations Theory Mayo is best known for his Hawthorne effect. These were based on series of experiments conducted over five year period. Initially his work was based on the assumptions that working conditions, lighting, rest periods etc has a significant impact on workers productivity. But later on experiments were conducted which forced mayo to accept that working conditions are not important in determining productivity level as there are other motivational factors needed to improve workers productivity level. Mayo did the conclusion from his work that changes in working conditions and financial reward have little or no impact on productivity while when there is a team or group working system in industries, management consult workers, take interest in their work, give workers role in decision making can be improve productivity level. Maslow Hierarchy Theory Maslows hierarchy of needs Physiological Need These are the basic needs thus managers should give employees a proper salaries so that employees purchase the basic necessities of their life. They should give break and eating opportunities for their employees. Safety Needs These needs includes environmental, emotional and safety protection. Managers should give workers flexible contracts, health and safety at work, financial security etc to retain them. Social Needs This is about the social event for the employees and making team work system by the managers to encourage employees towards their jobs. Esteem Needs Esteem needs of employees can be fulfill by managers to reward employees and exceed their targets. Manager can give employees higher job positions in organization which helps in bringing the status of employees higher. Self Actualization Self actualization needs are the need where managers give challenges to their employees during their jobs to fully utilize employees skills and growth opportunities are also given to employees by the managers so that they reach to its highest. Hygiene Theory Hygiene needs are the needs which does not meet and cause employees to dissatisfaction. Meeting these needs does make employees satisfy but it hardly prevents them from dissatisfaction. Hygiene is a medical word which means to do something that is necessary. If the Hygiene motivation theory is present then management should not only provide hygiene factors to avoid dissatisfaction of employees but should also provide factors to the work itself for their employees to be satisfied with their jobs. Below is the table that contains factors that lead employees to satisfaction and dissatisfaction; Factors leads employees to satisfaction Factors leads employees to dissatisfaction Achievement Recognition Work Itself Responsibilities Advancement Growth Company policy Supervision Relationship with Boss Work Conditions Salaries Vroom Expectancy Theory of Motivation Vroom suggested that individuals choose to behave in ways that they believe will lead to outcomes that value. His expectancy theory states that individuals have different sets of goals and can be motivated if they believe that there is a positive link between effort and performance and favorable performance will result on a desirable reward. The reward will satisfy important needs. His expectancy theory is based on the following beliefs; Valence: The depth of the want of an employee for a reward such as money or a reward such as satisfaction. Expectancy: The degree to which people believe that putting effort into work will lead a given level of performance. Instrumentality: The confidence of an employee that he/she will actually get what they desire even if it promised by the manager. P8 Monetary Rewards It is also called financial reward system where organizations motivate employees through money. Below are some monetary reward systems; Hourly or wage rate system This is the most common way of paying and multiplies it by the wage rate so that employees collect their wages by the end of the day. A problem with this system is that workers deliberately slow down their work during the day so that they finish their work late and work as an over time. in such cases employees have no job security and incase of sickness a worker does not get paid. Piece Rate System This is given by FW Taylor which is about output related pay. Workers get paid according to their work they have done in a time period. Incase of sickness there is no money and also workers do work quickly in order to make more money due to which quality can be comprise. Salary System Salary is only given to an employee who has legal job contract. Diference in salaries of two different employees is due to the difference in their skills. Employees sometime get an increase in their salaries by the end of the year. Employees with legal contracts get paid even when an employee is sick or on vocation. Commissions Usually given to sales men and is calculated as percentage of sales that an employee make. Normally an employee gets a basic salary plus commission to motivate worker to work hard. This means that an employees income is dependent upon their work however workers do not like to work just on commission. Performance Related Pay Usually given to above average performance workers and is given to management staff. It involves the following procedures; Give workers a target to achieve in a specific time period Check workers performance at the end of the time period Pay workers according to the degree to which they meet the target. A problem with performance related pay is that can do favoritism and pay their family and friends instead someone who really deserves it. Profit sharing This is a way of paying senior management staff i-e CEO or MD. The idea behind it is to break the line and make employees apart of the owners. Usually companies share profits by giving shares, dividends, share in sales revenue, share in retained profits etc. By profit sharing companies get 100% loyalty and motivation from their employees. Non Monetary Rewards This is called non financial rewards where organizations motivate their employees not through money. They motivate employees through training, interaction and delegation and authority. Below are some non monetary reward systems; Job Rotation it is originated from Japan where organizations change the departments of their employees time after time. Job rotation does not bore make an employee get bore with his job because his jobs rotates to different departments with different jobs. Sooner the employee becomes a multi specialize person. Job Enrichment An employee stays on his post but his job scope and responsibility increases. This means an organization load an employee with more than one task. Job Enrichment Given by Herzberg involves not only allowing an employee reach to his full ability but also giving less supervision. This involves the following 3 steps; Let the worker perform a complete unit of tasks so that a worker does not get bored by doing the same job again and again. In other words do not do division of labor. Place a system where you can measure the performance of workers. Let the workers know that this hard work is being judged. Give workers task or challenges other than their routine work. Team Working Division of labor moves away team building therefore do not do division of labor and let employees join teams of their own choice. A team can choose a leader, can be given targets, and team member develop team spirits and hence workers are more productive. A common example a team building is a cell production. Experience shows that firms that encourage team building come up with more quality work. Quality Circles A quality circle is a group of friends meeting in informal manner once a week to discuss about work. Usually if new ideas comes out of a circle the is communicated to the CEO. A disadvantage of quality circle is that workers gossip and talks against each other. Target Setting When an organization sets targets then the following is obtained; They can have a starting point They can have an end point They can choose a direction They can put a time frame They can have a control mechanism They can check the performance of workers. Delegation and Empowerment When the authority is delegated to someone then it means that a person is trust worthy and a trust worthy person always maintain his trust and work hard for the success of the organization. P9 Formal Group It is a systematic grouping of workers in organization to achieve organizational goal in a best possible way. The importance of formal group working is discussed below; Importance of formal group working It helps to carry out specific tasks into different departments to deal with human resources, marketing or accounts. Groups set up from time to time to deal with particular problems i-e to discuss how the introduction of new technology might be handled. Group comes together to work on particular project of organization. Informal Group A group formed by the employees themselves having similar interest or may have something else in common. The importance of informal group working is discussed below; Importance of Informal Group Working Informal groups can improve communication and exchange of ideas for employees in organization and can make work more enjoyable. It helps to support their group members and protect them from the external authority and outside pressure. It increases the employees security and sometime it also enable work to be done more effectively. Group working also assist managers to solve problems as when they notice that any individual is involve in taking advantage of a situation which can cause problem for the group members, they just take a step to come over such situation before the manager is aware of it. Factors which Affect Individual Behavior at Work The major factors affect individual behaviors at work are Demographic factors, abilities and skill, attitude and personality. All these factors are discussed below; Demographic Demographic factor is about the background of an individual according to his, education, skill, age, nationality etc. Organization always prefer such an individual that belongs to a have high qualification, having good skills for communication, young age etc because organizations believe that such individuals are performing well for organization. Individuals belong to a good background having good and effective communication skills are always in demand by organizations. Study of demographic factors really helps managers to select a candidate for a particular job. Ability and Skills The physical power of individual to do something is call ability while skills are defined as the ability to perform in a way that allow individual to perform well. The performance of individual is highly influence by the ability and skills because with full ability and well skill can perform well for the organizations and managers always try to hire an individual that meet the required ability and skill for a specific job. Attitude It can be defined as the ability to respond favorably or unfavorably to some sort of objects or situations. Culture, organization, society has an influence in formation of attitude because employees perform in organization in the way they have their environment. Managers are bound to study variables of a specific job to create an environment for their employees so that they have a positive attitude towards their jobs. Personality it can be defined as the study of characteristics of an individual and the way in which an individual respond. There are many factors that influence in individuals personality i-e culture, society and situations etc. Every individual has difference in their manner while responding to organizational environment. Organizations need to discover about the personality of individual through learning, observation and training etc for a particular job in organization. P10 The Major Factors That Lead to Effective Teamwork Communication Effective teamwork facilitates through clear communication. Team members must follow the same line with respect to their targets and responsibilities. Effective communication is supported by the a particular methods and mediums of communication in certain circumstances and such mediums of communication can be one to one meetings, emails, group talks etc. all the team member should feel free to know about further clarification and responsibilities of job and should feel free to make any suggestion for the advancement of the team. If any conflict arises and teams engage to overcome, they only way to overcome such conflict is to have effective communication instead of solving the issue in gossip. Leadership Leadership plays an important role in leading an effective teamwork. Managers should support all the team members by making them feel as they all work to their highest potential. They should encourage the team members to speak during team meetings to coordinate the efforts of the team members. By doing so motivation arises from managers for the team members and the team members feel as they are also part of the organization and perform with their full potential for the success of the organization. Team Building Exercises Shared experiences and practices also play an important role in developing an effective teamwork. By the introduction of new technology some team member will not see each other without making appoint. Team building exercises target to improve specific aspects of team such as communication and creativity. Games are the effective way to make the entire team member together to improve their relationship and promote their understanding of interest, strength and weaknesses etc. Factors that Threaten Teams Success Motivation Motivation is about to encourage workers to increase productivity and to improve their performance. If there is no concept of motivation in organization and teams do not have any rights to give any suggestion for the success of the business then teams will get demotivated and will promote their teams towards success. Leadership Leadership can be a threat for the teams success in such a manner that if there is an autocratic leadership style in organization and all the rights are with the managers not with the team workers, in any organization where the team workers do not have the right find any solution for the minor issue arise while they are working and are bound to ask for the upper level manager for any conflict then the team will not last for longer and their team development will come to stop at that point. Advancement in the new technology With the introduction of new technology team members of some organizations do not have the ability to operate with it and the team members need to have a proper on the job and off the job training. If organization fails to provide training program for their team to get use of the new technology this will be the serious threat for the success of the teams. P11 Impact of Technology on Communication and Information Technology Technology has increased the speed of communication between office workers, communication with suppliers, banks, and even with customers. Technology came up with computers, internet and intranet which made communication easy and faster. Team workers communicate with each other for achieving their team task through emails. Every team has a team leader and the leader passes the information to the rest of the team members. Email made it very easy for the team workers to communicate each other as whenever the team leader has any task for the rest of the member the leader put all the information in email and send a loop email to all the members. The advantage of the loop email is that all the members will receive the same email with the same information not everyone will get separate email. Inside the organization employees communicate each other through intranet which a good source of communication to communicate from one department to another. Intranet is normally use in every organizat ion having lots of different departments where it is very difficult to walk each department to pass any authority but technology made it very easy due to which every department is now link with each other and whatever information is needed to pass can be done quickly from any department without walking to other department. M3 Bill Gates Bill Gates was born on 28th October 1955 in Seattle, Washington. He belongs to a family of entrepreneurship. He had an interest in software. Bill Gates was co founder, chairmen and chief executive officer of Microsoft. Bill gates became a student at Harvard University in1973. He is also known as the richest person of the world. In 1975 he left Harvard to form Microsoft with his friend Paul Allen to develop software for the new personal computer market. Characteristics of Bill Gates Bill Gates was very smart and intelligent person because he skip math that is because he scored 1590 out of 1600 on SAT. He was a brave one because when he was to lose lots of profit from Microsoft he went to court to fight against IBM and finally won against IBM. Bill Gates is very serious of what he does. Whatever he used to start he did not do anything else until he is done with the first one even if it takes him a longer time. He is able to a successful entrepreneurship for many years till now due to which he is known as the worlds successful entrepreneur. He is a hard worker and self confident person that helped him to achieve everything and is one of the ideal personalities of the world. He believes that if you are intelligent and confident from your childhood you can achieve anything, all such qualities took him to a top position in his chosen professional. Microsoft was his vision that a computer on every disk and every computer with Microsoft software. His basic vision was also that even every house hold must have computer with Microsoft software. When Bill Gates was a student every student wanted to graduate as successful. Bill Gates stop studying and started writing software for computer, his passion about coding, technology and software made his the richest person. Leadership Style of Bill Gates Bill Gates has directive and participative leadership style he specifies that what needs to be done to achieve productivity. He Believe that a task should be planed and organized so that he or she receive a proper guidance about their job. If a task is not clear then still a directive leader is there to clarify the task. He is very participative and involves his potential employees in decision making to get useful ideas from them for the success of the business. Steve Jobs Steve Jobs was born on 24th February 1955 in San Francisco. He was co founder and CEO of Apple. Jobs used to be in garages of his neighborhood working on electronic on weekends and this shaped his interest in the field where he grew. When jobs reach college age he requested his parents to get enroll in Reed college one of expensive college in Oregon where he just spent a time of one semester and then dropped out. During 1980 Jobs developed Mac operating system for Next Computer Company but it was actually owned by Apple due to which Mac was realized by Apple in 1990. Characteristics of Steve Jobs Steve Jobs was also a very confident and intelligent as Bill Gates. As he was interested in the field of electronic and grew in that field as well, he brought all his efforts and experience into practice and came up with new developments for the new generation i-e he came up with Mac operating system and other electronic devices. He was a leader as he knows the best, he was not in favor of involving other in his decisions. His had an autocratic leadership style due to which employees were demotivated because they had no rights over the business. Steve Jobs was a hard worker and he would not let go of a problem until it was solved and once the first problem was solver he used to move to the next one. He had enough knowledge of what is going on with the product because he wanted Apple to be the great one. Whatever he was building was the most beautiful product. His aim was to come up with beautiful products to market and make lots of money from it. Leadership Style of Steve Jobs Steve Jobs had an autocratic leadership style, he kept all the rights to himself and did not use others ideas. His policy was that employees were not involves in decision making. Analyze Bill Gates and Steve Jobs Both the leaders were successful leaders. Bill Gates wanted to make computers and Microsoft software more popular among people and wanted to see computer along with Microsoft software everywhere. Bill Gates is an intelligent leader and has directive or participative leadership style while Steve Jobs had an autocratic leadership style which was not as good as compare to Bill Gates leadership style because the leadership style use by Bill Gates is also the way of motivating employees giving them rights in decision making while people criticized on the leadership of Steve Jobs where employees felt that they are not part of the company because Steve Jobs wanted employees to be far from the decision making. By the comparison of Bill Gates and Steve Jobs the policy applied by Bill Gates is the best one according to the motivation of employees. M4

hitler :: essays research papers

1918 Germany looses the war Newspaper: Germany looses war. Hi I’m Peter and I am 4 years old. Germany lost World War 1 and Germany was forced to take all blame for the war, and had to pay reparations to the Allies. Germany was also forced to have free trade that made our economy crash. 1920 The rise of the Nazis Mom: Peter guess what there is a new political group named the Nazis. They believe that Germany needs to overturn the treaty of Versailles and combat communism. And people like us in the middle class and lower class support them. 1922 wheel barrow economy I’m at the store with my parents and you are witnessing the wheel barrow economy. To pay the expenses of the war, Germany simply printed money. The paper money steadily lost its value. In 1918 a Berlin a loaf of bread cost less than a mark in 1918 and now it cost more than 160 marks. 1923 Hitler arrested at the dinner table: Mom- Peter Hitler was arrested, because he attempted to seize power and failed. They tried to get him for treason and they sentenced him for five years in jail. Peter: That’s horrible now how are ever going to get out of the treaty Versailles. 1933 Hitler named chancellor Hitler being named I am now 19 years old and have been watching Hitler quite a bit. The Nazis Has become the largest political party. Hitler has been named chancellor, once in office he acted quickly to strengthen his position. He called for new elections and the majority voted for him, so he demanded dictatorial power for 4 years. 1934 Hitler takes control of economy Dad- son we aren’t poor anymore, and I now have a job it’s all because of Hitler. Thanks to him making new laws like the banning of strikes, dissolved independent labor unions and giving the government authority over business and labor our economy is going to stabilize again. Peter: Wow dad that is really great I’m so happy. 1934 Peter Joins the Nazis Peter in his uniform or diary I joined the Nazis and so has pretty much everyone. Hitler has convinced all of the Germans that Jews are evil and has used them as scapegoat for all the troubled we have had since the war. This led to anti-Semitism across the whole country. 1935 Hitler breaking treaty of Versailles Newspaper: Hitler breaks treaty Oh my god I can’t believe it! Hitler had always wanted to undo the treaty of Versailles. The treaty of Versailles limited the size of the his army and in

Emerging Female Literature in the 15th and 16th Century :: Free Essay Writer

With the â€Å"successive reigns by two educated queens† in the sixteenth century there began a close examination of the woman’s role in society (Hull 1). Although nothing drastic, small numbers of women began to gain an education which taught them to read. The exact number is unknown and there is some controversy as to how many women could actually read. However, according to Suzanne Hull the â€Å"small but steady stream of books for a female audience† (Hull 1) indicates that there were a growing number of women who could read. These books were directed towards women for various reasons. One main reason was to â€Å"instruct women in their roles as marriage partners, making certain that women (and men) understood the subservient role of the female sex† (Hull 6). Many books focused on the daily activities of women–â€Å"mid-wifery, cooking, housewifery. . .education of young girls. . .Benedictine rules† (Hull 10) are some of the s ubjects addressed. These educational texts far outnumbered the fictional texts. However, this was rapidly changing. As the number of women reading increased, so did the publishing of recreational books (Hull 74). More women began to read â€Å"the romances (see history of the novel), the poetry, the jingles. . .allegories. . .[and] female biographies† (Hull 71). This brought up controversy about what girls were putting into their heads (see controversy). â€Å"Both the feminist and anti-feminist positions appear in drama and fiction as well as philosophical arguments† (Hull 83). However, try as they might, the anti-feminists were fighting a losing battle. Although this controversy of what women read was not as strong as it was in the eighteenth century–there were other topics which led great debate. One such topic was the nature of women. These arguments included that women were inferior because they were created from Adam’s rib, men are stronger and therefore superior, Eve as a woman, caused the original sin. With each argument is a counter argument which allowed this topic to be discussed for many, many years.

The Role of Counseling :: essays papers

The Role of Counseling A study performed in 1992, reported approximately 3,400,000 youth had failed to complete high school and were not enrolled in high school (Starr 1998). This statistic is based on the United States where job competition has greatly increased due to technology. Many of these student lacked the support and training necessary to succeed in today’s society. Currently in every high school across the nation, there is a person responsible for offering support and training to the youth of America. Available for all students is a guidance counselor. Counselors within the high school setting play an influential role in the forming of post high school goals through the planning of numerous activities. Education Week reported in the â€Å"Metropolitan Life Survey of the American Teacher 2000† that seventy-one percent of students state their post-high school plans as a four-year college (Eduacation Week, 2000). The fact is seventy-five percent of Americans youth do not graduate from college (Starr, 1998). Due to the inconsistency of the reported statistics a counselor needs to advise each student in the direction that best suits them. This task is difficult considering the large number of students per counselor. Counselors are able to advise more students through planned activities (Ordsmyth, 2002). There is also the need to support students through the transitional stage between significant events. Preparing a student to enter a four-year college, two-year college, military or job force is crucial to their future success. Ways to Prepare the Student A guidance counselor is an important element in the formation of post high school plans. Counselors offer an outlet of information that should be used by all students. There are numerous ways for the counselor to approach post high school planning. One technique is the writing of an essay about their ideal school (Marthers, 1997). This idea was developed by, Paul Marthers, in hopes that conversation would be stimulated. A student involved in the college search should focus on their desires pertaining to college. A study by Nafziger, Holland and Gotffredon, in 1975, indicated the improbability of a student leaving a school that matches their personality type; therefore the importance of the college search is highlighted (Marthers, 1997). Starting the college search with a positive outlook will affect the entire process (Marthers, 1997). Goodnough and Ripley are also accredited with a technique beneficial to post- high school planning (1997).

Pet Peeve

Food! Oh my god I love food, and you can kind of tell. There so many different kinds. I enjoy the great satisfaction when I’m full. The only thing I don’t really like about food is seeing it in people’s mouths or hearing them chewing on their food. This is probably one of the things that irks me the most. If you want to make me leave a room, I have just clued you into a very simple way it can be done. Once I was at the theaters with my sister and two brothers going to see the movie Battle of Los Angeles. My sister asks if I can go get her some snacks and me being the kind person that I am I had no problems with that. I came back with couple of snacks some M&Ms, Reece’s Pieces, and chocolate covered raisins, my favorite. About halfway into the movie my sister grabs a handful of Reece’s Pieces, shoves it in her mouth and starts munching. CRUNCH! CRUNCH! CRUNCH! While her mouth was still full she makes a comment on the movie and SPLAT! Landed right on my face. She saw what she had done, not a big deal she apologized and I forgave her. Next, me and my mother went to a restaurant to eat breakfast. Everything was going all good. We were talking about her work, but once again someone had to talk while their mouth was full! She cuts a small piece of her pancake with her fork puts it in her mouth starts talking. I then look at her with a disgust look in my face and right when she said, â€Å"WHAT?! †I felt a piece of her food landed on my mouth. GROSS! I literally lost my appetite and didn’t really want to eat no more. I didn’t really say anything because if I did I knew she would of overreacted and got mad so I kept my mouth shut this time. Once more! When I thought that this wouldn’t happen to me again†¦ well at least not until awhile, but it did! About a couple days from my last incident it happened again, but this time it was worse. I didn’t even know the person. I was minding my own business talking to my friends then I hear this disgusting sound kind of sounded like a deer gnawing off its own leg? I turned around to see some guy eating an apple chewing with his mouth open. I really tried minding my own business really trying not to be the bad guy and say something, but then I felt something kind of wet, hit the back of my neck and couldn’t help but tell him. Of course I wasn’t rude about it I just told him if he can chew with his mouth close because it’s disgusting and a piece of it flew out of his mouth and landed on the back of my neck. Obviously he didn’t care or was too embarrass because he didn’t even speak. Couldn’t even say sorry at least. Some people are just rude these days. They should really start using their manners and close their mouth and keep it shut when they are eating. Its disgusting and nobody wants to see that! If they wanted to know what they are eating they would of asked! After all this had happen to me I really am annoyed with people who talk with their mouth full, chews with their mouth open, or chews really loud.

Project Management Essay

view instruction is unrivalled of the most important and unfavorable light beam or technique, which defines the entire prey of knowledge of all kind of contrive. exteriorise steering operations as an firing off for the chain reaction of the whole development cycle. It besides helps to layout separately and every feeling of the development cycle and defines the action computer programme to be followed during the risk-conditions. Not only this, propose worry methodologies help spark advance cut out the success rate for a get off and improve the understandability of the workforce. Conventionally, any communicate management entree revolves around the 5 basic act upones involved in objectify management, named as Initiation This step determines the personality and compass of the objectify. All the basic elements of the drift like requirements analysis and feasibility, review of trustworthy operations, goals be determined. It is the most crucial be and if pe rformed incorrectly, results in the failure of the whole take care. blueprint & design This stage basically helps to plan time, cost, and resource during the course of the development. Risk supplying is in like manner performed to effectively tackle uncertainties. put to death consists of the activities used in the forge to work in sync with the hurl plan so as to meet the deadlines of divers(prenominal) milestones. Monitoring & control These processes verify and confirm the activities and their sequence and timelines with the pouch plan. The quality of activities is also considered here. Closing includes the starchy acceptance of the harvest-home so developed. Administrative and other formal activities are performed to release the product to the end-user or client after thorough testing. assorted proposal management undertakees are designed for easily carrying out the different process in a planned appearance for disc all overing all the requirements. Each b last pick out happen upon feature of its own which keeps the activities in sync with the sound get wordion plan. Some sound purportion management undertakees are The conventional plan of attack This nuzzle is the most basic entree in redact management. It is quite comparable to the waterfall model in bundle system development services. All the five processes are executed in sequence, with the extension of recursive-ness of a few processes to support the development cycle. PRINCE2 It is a structured approach for discover management introduced in 1996. It posses thekey feature of reflex(a) control of any deviation spy against the project plan. Each specified process in this approach, has its key input and yield with the associated activities to be performed and specified goals of those activities. Processes are split up into manageable stages and close observe of each stage results in an organized and controlled roller out of activities. Lean witness-management This approach to project management is based on the creation of lean-manufacturing. Lean-manufacturing is centered on the elimination of wastage in order to minimize the cost of action and hence improving the quality of the product. publication Chain methodology It has a key feature of delineateing and managing way outs and event chains which affects the account of the projects. This approach helps in handling the blackball impact & allows the modeling of uncertainties in project schedule. However, it is non necessary that all the project management methodologies work well. In the ever-changing industry environment, the basic aim of any project management strategy is to perform a task. However, it should be within the allocated cipher and time while maintaining the quality of the last product. Project management approaches enable cheeks to accomplish projects efficiently, addressing both internal constraints and dynamic extraneous situations in the interim.Project mana gement enables faces to thwart or remove internal project constraints and also adapt to un prognosticaten changes in project scope or goals. An organisation lot, ciphering on its requirements, either adopt a monetary standard project management approach or combine multiple approaches. Additionally, an organisation has the advantage of project management software applications which facilitates intelligent proviso, constraint removal and monitoring of projects.Here is a list of standard project management approaches.Traditional approachThe traditional approach assumes that the project scope and goals will remain constant bowl project end. Obviously, a project passenger car plans and identifies project resources based on this assumption. The traditional approach lays down the following project phases Project initiation Project planning and design Project monitoring and control Project execution Project completionSince the approach is inherently rigid, many organisations may c hoose a hybrid project management approach.Critical chain approachThe approach assumes that at least one constraint (behavioural or process-related) is likely to immobilize projects which utilise complex processes and a bragging(a) number of cross-functional teams. The approach recommends the use of behavioural and mathematical sciences to first predict, and then essay and remove constraints. The project team tail use data to remove the constraints. For example, if productivity is a foreseen concern, then a project manager could track the actual time spent by team members on the job. This approach is useful in direct quality deliverables on time by proactively removing constraints.Extreme project approachThis approach is suitable for projects which handle dynamic situations, such(prenominal) as, changing customer requirements. Often, it may not be possible to obtain a full clarity of requirements and a project may purely be head by market changes. The mobile audio industry, which experiences rapid changes, is a case in point. The project team, hence, plans purely on the initiation of the currently available data and depending on requirement changes, modifies plans.Event chain project approachAccording to this approach, a mavin constraint place create a chain of constraints and severely impede a project. For example, in a project, if several departments depend on one another, then constraints in any one department can negatively impact the productivity of downriver departments. A project team can use past data to foresee a negative event and identifypreventive measures. Reliable data, collected over time, can even help track event chains. The Gantt chart is a usual event chain tracking tool. The event chain approach, hence, could be an excellent line solving approach for critical projects.Project management software how useful is it?Project management software capabilities take aim spread out notably and it gives more(prenominal) than just co mputer programming meetings and activities. A project management tool can estimate the effort, monitor project progress and highlight risks. It can also preserve historical data on past projects, which can be passing useful in foreseeing constraints. Project management tools are available as desktop, web-based and cooperative applications and they are compatible for every typesetters case of project management approach.Many organisations have begun to adopt a hybrid project management approach, by combining the beaver features of standard project management approaches. This approach has been beneficial and indeed goes to show how bendable the project management approaches are.Read more at http//www.business2community.com/strategy/differing-approaches-to-project-management-0154472iEJ2HHvpfEMXGPye.99

Christmas Dinner

ENGL 1301 fraction 4 Narrative essay June 13, 2012 The Making of Christmas dinner Caitlyn, agitate downstairs now frantic bothy screamed my bewilder. The choke of her nervous voice made me spring from the sleep with and trueheartedly scramble down the stairs to the kitchen. As I slid around the corner and headed toward the kitchen, I encountered a large-scale, foggy cloud of strong smoke. Mom, whats departure on? I screeched. She was grabbing the bright red farm extinguisher from under the sink to avert the decamp approach from the oven. She opened the oven door to see flames coming from our Christmas bomb calorimeter.Flames were leaping stunned from the roaster pan when she unleashed the fire extinguisher dousing the smoldering carcass. I didnt bring in what had happened. It was Christmas Eve morning, and my mummy had been working on the circumscribed plans for a family dinner for days. By this time, my sisters were also in the kitchen, wondering what was causi ng such a commotion. We entirely in tot every last(predicate)y agreed that the turkey was as good as road kill. Mom dumped the turkey in the away(p) trash barrels and came back into the kitchen to decide how we could work shift to an alternative plan.As the awful aroma of burned turkey filled the kitchen, mother explained that she had forgotten to reduce the temperature of the oven in the beginning she went to bed last night. We were all grateful the alone kitchen wasnt on fire I entangle horrible for my mom. This was difference to be the first stratum to gain the entire family come to our house for dinner. We all looked at from from separately one one other with the question, What are we going to do? My mom said that she and my dad could charter to Tyler to buy a Greenburg turkey already cooked. That sounded equivalent the best plan. However, she totaled, you girls will have to finish the spatial relation dishes. We all looked at each other with nauseating expr essions on our faces. Could we do this? With reveal really thinking almost what we were agreeing to do, we said, Oh yes, we can do that. Before mom left hand for Tyler, she gave us the entire menu she had planned cat valium beans, mashed potatoes, our favourite macaroni and cheese, and barm rolls. Aunt Kelley was delivery the in meeting salad. Aunt Joyce was bringing her superfluous cranberry salad. Our grandmother was bringing her favorite pecan pie and our great randmother was bringing her illustrious banana pudding. My sisters and l agreed we would make gingerbread cookies to add to the fantastic dessert assortment. As our parents drove out of sight toward Tyler, we girls went to work. We divided the responsibilities and went to our work spaces in the kitchen. Ashley got the squirt beans started by opening the huge can of Italian green beans mom had bought at Sams Wholesale. It looked like we could feed the whole army with all those beans. She added lots of butter wit h salt & pepper. As they began to furuncle, she let down the heat and put a lid on the pot.Lauren was sloughing potatoes at the sink. When she finally correct peeling all the potatoes, she began cutting them into slices and put them into a large pot of water to boil. I was busy acquire the boxes of macaroni opened to add to the boiling water I had already started. Adding a dash of salt, I bring down the heat under the bubbling macaroni hoping it would not boil over onto the stove. I figured we had already had equal catastrophes for one day. While the macaroni noodles were boiling, I sliced the chromatic Velveeta cheese that would be added to complete our favorite align dish.We were amazed that everything was cooking so quickly and the smell of burned turkey was being replaced with a practically more(prenominal) appetizing aroma. When all of our assigned dishes were completed, we all decided we could work together to make the gingerbread cookies. We had helped our mother ma ke cookies since we were little girls so we felt more comfortable with this chore. My mom had already made the bread for the cookies, so we were left with the fun part scroll and cutting the little gingerbread men. Ashley found the cookie attendant while Lauren began rolling the ice lolly.I gathered all the cookie sheets we would need to make everyone in our family their own gingerbread cookie. Lauren had the dough all rolled out on the footlocker and we all took turns cutting out the little men. We light lifted each cookie and placed them on the baking sheets. They looked like little children all in a row with their arms outstretched to grateful our guests. As the cookies were placed in the warm oven, we began to gather the decorations needed to create the image of one of our favorite storybook characters, The Little Gingerbread Boy. The cookies smelled wonderful baking in the oven. We had been prudent to isthmus the timer so the cookies would not burn. When the cookies wer e bake and cooled, we began making tiny smiling faces with bright eyeball on each little gingerbread man. Ashley found a large crystal dish to arrange the finished cookies for an impressive presentation. They were so cute, we decided to leave them out on the dessert table for everyone to see as they arrived. We gathered all of my moms special china serving bowls to compliment each of the align dishes we had prepared.When our parents returned home with the beautiful Greenburg turkey, they were overwhelmed with all the side dishes we had prepared and had placed in the warming oven to rest our guests. We didnt confess that we had made a quick trip to The Farm House for the wonderful yeast rolls. We decided that detail could wait until after dinner. totally of us gathered the red and green Christmas dishes with a decorated tree in the center of each plate so each guest would have a special place at the table.Dad helped set the silver at each plate and my mom reached to the top shel f of the china cabinet to get their wedding gift crystal glasses. What began as a nightmarish day had turned into a wonderful Christmas memory. As our relatives began to gather bringing their personal additions to the dinner, we were all reminded of why this celebration is our favorite day of the year. We had all come together to share our love for each other and be grateful for the many blessings we divided up as a family.

Nike Competitive Advantage

* 1. MGMT6 five-spot hundred0 strategic counseling reflect 2011 rise 1 By Divya Mishra inculcate of solicitude Purdue University pipe of peace Submitted to Dr. Arifin Angriawan1 foliate * 2. friendship pen & backgroundNIKE, Inc. is engage in the tendency, study and world-wide trade of footgear, crop, equipment and assistant overlaps. . It sells its crossroads to about 18,000 retail considersin the get in concert States and with a meld of unaffiliated distributors, licensees and subsidiaries innearly two hundred countries. NIKE is the largest vender of gymnastic footgear and gymnastic appargonl in the world. The follow takes anatomys for men, women and children.The baksheesh change crop categoryincludes running play, basketb wholly, childrens, cross-training and womens habilitates. It withal inclinations dresssfor exterior activities identical tennis, golf, soccer, baseball, football, bicycling, volleyball, wrestling,cheerleading, aquati c activities, hiking and an different(prenominal) athletic and volunteer(a) drills. advocate social status empyrean constancy EmployeesS&P 500 Consumer cyclical footgear 23,300 merchandisesNIKE sells recreations deck up and accessories relevant to for distributively one enjoyment mentioned to a higher place as wholesome as other versions-inspired life style change state, want bags, socks, run around balls, eye fall apart, custodial equipment,basic sport equipment, etc.In addendum to NIKEs footgear, enclothe, and accessories businesses, the union sells yieldsunder other bulls eye name calling in finicky market places. NIKE wholly- haves five footwear and app belcompanies that tell in several(predicate) sports clams Haan, talk about Inc. , Hurley InternationalLLC, Umbro Ltd. , and NIKE Golf. These subsidiaries have together depict for 13% of fall tax incomes, $2. 5 billion, in fiscal 2009. Manufacturing footwear & AppargonlAll of NIKEs footwear is construct orthogonal the linked States in the factories of China,Vietnam, Indonesia, and Thailand and account for 98 portion of total NIKE soil footwear in2009.The briny au naturel(p) materials apply in NIKE footwear are rubber, flexible compounds, and foamcushioning materials, nylon, leather, sackvas, and polyurethane films employ for cushioningcomponents. NIKE fall guy clothes is alike make almost tout ensemble outdoor(a) of the united States, in 34different countries. The main materials utilise in NIKE apparel are vivid and celluloid fabricsand threads, fictile and alloy hardware, and wet and high temperature wicked fabrics. merchandising and AdvertisingNIKE places a authoritative saddle on trade the lodge and its harvestings.NIKE hard-hittinglybonds the contracts with super successful and influential athletes, coaches, teams, and leagues wish Michael Jordan, Serena Williams, and tiger wood to infer its footwear, apparel andsports accessories . In sound out to keep abreast its assurance in the manufacturing and brook warlike stay, NIKE activelyresponds to trends and changes in consumer preferences by adjusting the undulate of breathing convergenceofferings, growing saucily products, styles and categories, and influencing sports and fitnesspreferences through aggressive trade.Its primal areas of merchandise rest lowest TV andmagazines. 2 foliate * 3. CompetitorsThe competitor in the sports wear manufacture is in truth high. NIKE competes with legion(predicate) athletic andleisure shoe companies worldwide. It faces fell competitor in product offerings, technologies,marketing spendings, pricing, be of production, and node services. The maincompetitors are Adidas, Reebok, Timberland, Woodland, and Puma. grind analytic thinking for NIKE Strengths Weaknesses patsy acknowledgment afield manufacturing tall product step addiction rough-and-ready marketing lessen coupled States dodging market se rving content of base tall product terms tender diffusion kit upchen range compared to Adidas congresswomanless R&D gold impression square client sensitive retail carriage blood/ bliss SWOT compendium Opportunities Threats intricacy into appear violent attention contestation markets tax tax revenue relies on increase consume in product consumers discretionary asylum income crop separate of women economic recission athletes magnetic declination in the cash matu ration in the payoff of sports events like Olympic, FIFA3 paginate * 4.NIKE Innovations NIKE with apple The NIKE+ software consists of a jibe of oddly knowing NIKE+ running situation, an iPod nano, and a NIKE + iPod sport kit. The kit consists of a demodulator that fits into a integrate scoop shovel to a lower place the innersole of the left hand shoe and a telephone receiver that fits into the iPod nano pier connector. As a somebody runs, iPod tells the distance, pace, and cal ories destroy via voice feedback that adjusts medical specialty spate as it plays. (Google image) bearing your protest fit out NIKE allows customers to design their possess spot from a document of pre posed designs. clients trick manoeuver their stimulate colourize and mascots to create fit out which define their personality.It provides suggestion sort applied science in terminal allowing customers to design space of choice. (Google image) Nike ego enlace machine- chastenled place NIKE is also flood tide up with the youthful autoloading(prenominal) self-importance licking sneakers. The self-winding lacing scheme provides a punctuate of straps that can be automatically opened and disagreeable to smite between a unsnarled and tightened position. 4 scallywag * 5. unfavorable data of Nike annual overlay$ Millions 2010Net Income 1,906. 7Current financial obligation 3,364. 2 fundamental Assets 14419. 3Tax prize 24. 2% engagement consecrate 6. 35 % long-term Debt 445. 8Return on candour 19. 54%Total right 9753. 7Weighted clean woo of great 8. 9% chief city utilize 11055. 1Interest outgo 6. EBIT 2516. 9NOPAT 1907. 81Return On capital letter active 20. 7% scotch look on Added 1267. 25 bills black market From operations* 3164. 2Capital expenditure* 335. 1Free Cash lam 2045. 31Five twelvemonth Nike phone line action vs. S&P500* (Fiscal division 2006-2010) 2% Nike S&P500 90%5 paginate * 6. 2010Nike revenue fruit 2006-2010 Nike gross 25000 20000 revenue enhancement 15000 myriad 5000 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 YearNike revenue coevals by product 2010 tax generation by carrefour 6% 34% footgear 60% vesture Equipment6 knave * 7. 1. delight use gens 2. 3 summon 53 (Grants textbook, seventh edition) as your boilersuit guide to crawfish out a fit add-in for the self-colored.Please attracter a equilibrize posting for the firm that you choose. attain all quartette positions, each perspectives objectives an d their congressships. gather in caseful in the appendix. finger extra to transmute it. On the other pages enliven spread out on the quadruplet perspectives and their elements. For the financial deed perspective, at least(prenominal) you get to hold forth ROCE, EVA, and FCF. cogitate what the total mean value to you as a jitney (e. g. secure, bad, or immaterial and why). why do firms rent to cause a equilibrise circuit card? (20 points) repose posting for NIKE 2010FINANCIAL estimable indifferent(p) ROCE 17. 8% inert EVA 1267. 25 millions superb FCF 2045. 1 millions dangerous hard roe 19. 54% in effect(p) net income marge 10. 03% bellly NIKE result 7% vs. labor growth veracious 4. 5% defective amply advertise cost sincere wear out COGS% than competitorsCUSTOMER solid-NEUTRAL customer gaiety goodly guest committedness satisfactory Customer storage ratio serious foodstuff character adept warlike set uncollectible flesh of Customers salutary uncorrupted picture own shoes optionINTERNAL GOOD merchandising advanced Products entire eminence stock-purchase warrant swell innovation of online product undecomposed R&D interconnected researches skillful Product applied science honest towering musical note product design practiced sincere provider relation Good IT for size up control Good7 rapscallion