Study On The Cardiac Causes For Chest Pains Nursing Essay

Study On The Cardiac Causes For Chest Pains Nursing Essay The relation of chest pains with cardiac causes responsible for the pain was one targeted area for studies. From the previous researches chest pain was observed to be one common complaints in children and previous findings reported it to be more prominent in old ages with mean age of 13 and cardiac causes was responsible for less than 20% of chest pain complaints in younger children and in community which was supposed to exist because of ischemic vertical dysfunction, myocardial and pericardial inflammatory process or arrhythmia but exact cause for cardiac chest pain was still in dark. Specialised methods like echocardiography, Holter monitoring, excercise stress test, electrophysiological studies were reported to be required to assess cardiac diseases in children responsible for chest pain but still it may not be able to give exact causes of chest pain. The purpose for this study was to identify cardiac diseases and to explore cardiac causes which were directly associated with chest pain in children.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009) Methods: In this study 120 children with ages in between 5-16 years who were frequently reported to pediatric cardiology clinic regarding chest pain were analysed in a tertiary subspecialty clinic from March 2005 to May 2006. The reason for selecting children with ages 5-16 years having chest pain complains was based on previous findings of studies and was good choice of selection for assessment of cardiac diseases related to chest pain as it was targeted group for chest pain and further in this study it was divided in two age groups that was 5-12 years age group and 13-16 years age group because of psychogenic pain consideration in children older than 12 years age which was good reasoning for dividing groups. Thus it was cross-sectional and a retrospective assessment but as it relies on previous findings and data from other clinics it might have limitations in selection and number selected that was 120 subjects seems to be very less for this type of assessment thus it might lead in error.(Ca gdas and Pac, 2009) The strength of this study was dependent on the outcomes of methods used for analysis of cardiac diseases associated with chest pain. All selected patients were subjected to Echocardiography, Electrocardiography(ECG) and Chest X-Ray and analysis of Hemogram, serum glucose and electrolytes was done. In Chest X-Ray all necessary images to diagnose heart, lung, chest wall and big vessels are generated by ionising radiation in X-ray form (P.A.Mahesh, 2006). In Electrocardiography functioning of different parts of heart muscles are measured by recording in skin electrodes placed on different positions of heart and it displays in ECG as electrical signal. The display of ECG shows rhythm of heart and damage of any heart muscles can be concluded(Meek and Morris, 2002). Echocardiogram generates two-dimensional pictures using ultrasound techniques for cardiovascular systems. In Echocardiography echoes of sound waves are picked by transducer and are transmitted as electrical impulses which are then converted to motion pictures of heart by Echocardiography machine and also movement of blood via heart is recorded by Doppler probe. Different types of cardiac diseases can be identified by this methods.(Quinones et al., 2003) Also excercise and tilt table test and twenty four hour Holter monitoring was carried out in some required cases which also gave detail regarding cardiac diseases. In 24 hour Holter monitoring test for 24 hour an electrodes are attached on chest of the subject to be monitored by which electrical activity of heart is recorded to an attached small battery operated monitor. Note of all activities carried out by patient during 24 hours is required and results after 24 hour of test are analysed to see any irregular changes in rhythm of heart and for further analyses of cardiac disease (Hilbel et al., 2008). Different ways are developed to perform tilt table depending on individual patient generally patient is obstructed to any physical movement of body and kept flat on tilt table and it is then suspended or tilted at different angles. Records of symptoms, blood pressure, pulse, electrocardiogram etc are kept during test which can be use for analysis of cardiac disease(Benditt et al., 1996 ). Actually this study was designed and conducted on algorithm setup in which depending on types of symptoms observed from physical examination and history of patients it was further evaluated using different methods to identify cardiac causes.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009) SPSS 11.0(SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software was use to carry out statistical assessment in which Chi-square test was selected for analyses of difference in variables of groups in which significant level p value was kept less than 0.05 and risk between groups was compared by odds ratio value(95% Confidence Interval). Here the total number of patients was 120 which is quite large thus selection of Chi-square test to analyse difference in variables of two groups was perfect.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009) Results: In this study out of 120 patients depending on history and physical examination evaluation of further detail assessment by performing stated techniques as required 52(42.5%) patients were found to have cardiac diseases out of which 11(9.2%) patients on admission were found to have history of cardiac disease and in 28(23.3%) patients chest pain was supposed to be directly associated with cardiac disease and out of 28 patients 14(11.6%) were reported with different types of arrhythmias as shown in table 2.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009) On complete assessment of all patients for cardiac disease according to the age group that is 5-12 years of age and 12-16 years of age the children were analysed with structural Cardiac Disease and types of arrhythmia as shown in table 1 and 2.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009) Different types of Cardiac diseases found to be associated with chest pain is also listed in table 1 and 2. In table 2 patients with infrequent supraventricular ectopy and ventricular ectopy were excluded.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009) Table.1. SPSS result for frequency and risk of structural cardiac disease according with age in patients with chest pain(Cagdas and Pac, 2009) Groups Structural Cardiac Disease pÃŽÂ ± Present Absent Type N Total,n(%) Total,n(%) 5-12 years old (n=55) RVHD 5 11(20) 44(80) 0.011 MVP 3 CMP 1 ASD 1 PFO 1 13-16 years old (n=65) RVHD 12 27(41.5) 38(58.5) MVP 4 CMP 3 VSD 3 AS 3 ASD 1 PFO 1 ÃŽÂ ±Chi-square test, ÃŽÂ ²Risk analysis, ÃŽÂ ´Reference group is taken as 5-12 years age group AS- valcular aortic stenosis, ASD- atrial septel defect, CMP- cardiomyopathy, MVP- mitral valve prolapse, PFO- patent foramen ovale, RVHD- rheumatic valvular heart disease, VSD- ventricular septal defect Ref: CAGDAS, D. N. PAC, F. A. (2009) Cardiac chest pain in children. Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi-the Anatolian Journal of Cardiology, 9, 401-406. As shown in above SPSS result the risk of structural cardiac disease in elder age group was 2.84 times higher as compared to younger age group and significant p value was 0.011 which was less than 0.05 which states that there was significant difference between variables of two age groups with structural cardiac disease.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009) Table.2. SPSS result for Frequency and risk of arrhythmia with age in patients with chest pain(Cagdas and Pac, 2009) Groups Arrhythmias PÃŽÂ ± Present Absent Type N Total,n(%) Total,n(%) 5-12 years old (n=55) Frequent VE and SVE 3 3 (5.5) 52 (94.5) 0.05 13-16 years old (n=65) Frequent VE and SVE 7 11 (16.9) 54 (83.1) WPW Syndrome 2 Sinus bradycardia 1 Sinus pause 1 ÃŽÂ ±Chi-square test, ÃŽÂ ²Risk analysis, ÃŽÂ ´Reference group is taken as 5-12 age group SVE supraventricular ectopy, VE ventricular ectopy, WPW Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome Ref: CAGDAS, D. N. PAC, F. A. (2009) Cardiac chest pain in children. Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi-the Anatolian Journal of Cardiology, 9, 401-406. As shown in above SPSS result the risk of arrhythmias in elder age group was 3.53 times higher as compared to younger age group and significant p value was 0.05 which shows borderline significant difference in variables of two groups with arrhythmias.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009) Overall analysis of arrhythmias and structural cardiac disease reported 4.12 times higher risk of cardiac disease in elder age group (12-13 years age) as compared to that with younger age group (5-12 years age).(Cagdas and Pac, 2009) Discussion: The results of this study was compared with other studies and different required methods were performed for analyses of cardiac disease related to chest pain which was not performed in previous studies. In previous findings majority of patients were assessed by only echocardiography without performing 24 hour holter monitor test to any patients while in this study echocardiography was performed to all children and holter monitoring was done for 38(31.6%) patients out of 120 as required and also frequencies of arrhythmias was found to be 11.6% and same ratio for structural cardiac disease which as compared to other studies was high. Thus use of various methods for assessing cardiac diseases associated with chest pain was good effort made in this study.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009) One finding of this study was that chest pain complains was more in the elder children which was supported by previous epidemiological studies for the chest pain complaints. Cardiorespiratory problems in young children and psychogenic pain in children older than 12 years of age was reported from previous studies while from this study 4.12 times more risk to cardiac disease was found in elder age group on analysing all cardiac diseases and was explained because of aging related risk of arrhythmias or increase in structural cardiac diseases symptoms or increase in level of consciousness with increasing age regarding cardiac chest pain symptoms which was satisfactory reasoning given in this study. From the SPSS results it concluded that older children were at high risk to structural cardiac disease (p=0.011) and 3.53 times more frequent to arrhythmias. Thus use of SPSS results in analyses of cardiac disease was one very important part of this study as it explored some critical and diffe rent results compared to other studies.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009) In 28(23.3%) patients chest pain was supposed to be directly caused by cardiac diseases and which was assumed because of high frequency of some cardiac diseases in patients selected but clear reasons for chest pain was still not proved. From previous studies majority of non-cardiac chest pain was reported because of gastro-esophageal reflux diseases and in this study total 40 patients were suffering chest pain because of similar reasons like abdominal pain, epigastric tenderness etc which highlighted one important conclusion that their may exist more than one cause for chest pain not necessary that its always related to cardiac disease. This study also gave example of important application of echocardiography in diagnosis of rheumatic valvular heart disease as it was detected in 17 children as compared to analyses done by clinical examination for existence of rheumatic valvular heart disease.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009) In this study following the particular algorithm the study groups were analysed from which many results reported was different from that concluded by physical examination like in 16 patients physical examination showed it to be innocent murmur but was found to have structural cardiac disease on further analyses. Thus though this type of algorithm requires some extra excercise but it made analyses to identify cardiac disease more clear.(Cagdas and Pac, 2009) Overall this study concluded that risk of cardiac disease was increased with age and it also gave percentage of cardiac disease that was 42.5% which was high as compared to other studies. The study also highlighted importance and use of different methods that can be used for detail analyses of cardiac disease that was not covered in previously performed studies but this type of evaluation was to be carried out with larger number of patients to get more clear with results and draw important conclusion because by analysing only 120 children with chest pain one common conclusion can not be given. Selection of proper SPSS tests was done which gave important results for this study. This study attempted very well to identify cardiac diseases causing chest pain with all good planning and reasoning behind all steps and methods used but still research in area of cardiac diseases will not be clear unless any sure and specific result for particular cardiac disease can be taken as reference to i dentify and to draw conclusion.

Ancient Athens-Democracy Essay

Our idea of democracy was derived from ancient Athens. Ancient Athens was very important in history because it was the first government to run as a democracy. Without their ideas, many other countries would not have a democracy. In Athens, women did not have a lot of freedom and spent most of their days in the house as a housewife. They were considered only one class above slaves and were practically an object that their husband owned. The role of women has improved a lot from Ancient Athens to modern American society. Women in Athens did not have many legal rights unlike the modern American society now where men and women are equal. They were not allowed to be taught to read or write nor were they allowed to get any type of education besides preparing to become a housewife. Women were not allowed to vote and were discouraged to leave the house for any reason. If they needed something from outside they got their slave to do it for them. As a child all women were raised this way and know no other way of living. Their own mothers were raised this way too and as a housewife, they taught their own daughters how to become one too. Now in modern America, women have just as equal rights as men like getting an education, having a job, voting, holding elective office and a lot more. With the women’s rights movement and the 19th amendment, women have gone far to earn their rights. Another reason how the role of women improved is because back then in an Athenian marriage, the husband was always the more dominant one and the wife just agreed to everything to what her husband said or at least pretended to agree. Even before the marriage, the women did not have any say in anything. Her father and groom arranged the marriage completely. During the wedding, they even had rituals to show that the woman was now the â€Å"preparer of food†. Nowadays it is not like this at all. They are equal in the relationship; no one is more dominant then the other. Also women do not just agree with her husband in their marriage, they get say. Although most women were housewives, there was one other thing that females can be besides a normal citizen which was to be a Hetaerae. Hetaera was basically just a prostitute but surprisingly unlike the modern world, they ere considered a slightly higher class then normal women citizens. They were given an education and were allowed into sacred places that normal women citizens were not allowed into. Even this type of role for women has improved in this world because now women don’t have to do that to get more respect. Women are already respected and actually, becoming a prostitute is looked down on and is considered a lower class. Without the ancient Athens’ idea of a democracy, we would have never had a democracy. The role of women has really changed and improved from ancient Athens to the modern American present day. Bibliography http://www.greeceindex.com/greece-attica/Athens_democracy.html

An Honest View of California Bar Essay Samples

An Honest View of California Bar Essay Samples Life After California Bar Essay Samples Therefore, 1 victim at school can suffer from all of the power of aggression which can't be shown to parents. You are able to deviate from the regular student's calendar as you're not a common student anymore. A great education is something which most of us aspire to have. Higher education does need some reform that must be a manner that we are able to educate all students from every facet of life. California Bar Essay Samples Fundamentals Explained Adoption is a solution There are several childless couples who'd be more than happy to offer a nice and stable home for an unwanted baby. You can readily locate essay writing services which could write for you at cheap prices. Other people use them as a means to fulfill prospective partners or to gain relationships. The parents might not be able to supply the financial and emotional support to the kid. Adoption is an alternate solution. California Bar Essays The increasing number of essay writing services is wholly overwhelming. The 30-Second Trick for California Bar Essay Samples Additionally, there are others but they are quite smaller schools and it is practically impossible to acquire in due to the size. If you wish to get high excellent research and thesis papers in time and for an affordable price, you should probably try out using EssaySupply.com. If you would like to get a finished paper at an affordable price, you're in the area you want! Any paper is going to be written on time for an inexpensive price. In addition, items are often upgraded in price and features so you will need to trade in your present-day item in favour of a better one. There are several reasons as to why you might need to create your order with argumentativeessaywriting.com. To set the order with us, you must fill out the purchase form and tell us what exactly you ought to be carried out. When the purchase form is finished, you've got to proceed with payment using your charge card. The Lost Secret of California Bar Essay Samples Every one of the body paragraphs of your writing is going to be filled with all the required evidence and processed diligently! Frequently a sample will be given. Such last-minute searching never becomes futile, which causes unfinished essay assignments and leads to a poor grade. Anyway, it contributes to the crucial foundation for creating your own texts of distinct genres. Occasionally, once an abortion isn't done correctly, the kid might actually live and could be born with very significant health defects that would stop the child from leading a normal life. After the mother's or child's life is in danger. A youngster needs certain conditions so as to live. Ill-bred children don't know how to deal with their aggression. The Battle Over California Bar Essay Samples and How to Win It Books are an excellent source of inspiration. Since you may see, it isn't essential for the author to be a professional in the field you consider, but it's always fantastic to demonstrate he or she indeed has a say. The Basics of California Bar Essay Samples Employing a plagiarised content whilst paying less have zero meaning. Like learning how to select the bar, it is a skill in progress. You need to read the example answers to acquire ideas about what are good kinds of answers and what are bad varieties of answers. There are particular common things that signal the caliber and value of the essays. For instance, the price of a persuasive essay will differ from a proposal essay. If you're looking for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. Thus employing an expert for doing your essays could be the proper alternative. Instead, you're going to be expected to compose an essay answer. Before writing down the facts and examples that you're likely to tackle, you ought to be well informed, first of all, about your topic. Make certain you do a great deal of research, especially if you wish to create a compelling and persuasive bit of writing. Our chart lets you know exactly which essay questions to review if you are fighting with certain crossover essays. Don't neglect to cite every one of the facts properly.

The Dark Web Is Not Accessible Without Special Browsers

The dark web, a hidden part of the internet, is unknown to most people. It has been used for many years without many people knowing. People use the dark web for many purposes, but it is mostly used for privacy. Due to the anonymity that it gives one, numerous people get involved in illegal situations. Websites range from chat rooms to drug markets. A person can view illegal government documents, buy heroin, or even watch people get murdered! Sounds like a perfect place for every person right? The dark web should only be used by the government, obviously not by the average person. Key words: dark web, internet, anonymous The Dark Web A multitude of people has never heard of one of the most dangerous places in the world, and it is not†¦show more content†¦The dark web is like a disease; one can get it without even trying to. This means that if a person is on the dark web, he or she could get in a terrible situation without even trying. The dark web should not be accessed by the average person, only by the government. Easily Accessible First, any person can access the dark web; it is not rocket science. But why do people want to go on the dark web? People go on the dark web primarily for two reasons: to perform illegal activities without getting caught, and privacy use. As of 2014, every person on the internet is being tracked in some way. The government uses information such as cookies, search engines, and download managers to track what people are doing (Henderson, 2012). Although it is unusual to be getting tracked, as long as a person is properly using the dark web, he or she should have no issues. With the unlikelihood of a person being tracked, one may dig deeper into the dark web due to curiosity. Just being allowed to access the dark web puts people in danger of being part of illegal activities. A search engine called Tor is the key to accessing in the dark web. Tor is a site that masks peoples’ IP address. An IP address is like a phone number; each person has their own unique number which shows websites where they are from. Tor is the equivalent of an anonymous Google. What Tor does is make it so websites have no way of telling where their clients are from. Tor is so popular that is it

Psychoanalytic Theory And Freud s Theory Of Becoming A...

Keisha! I missed you so much! I have not seen you since this past October! I know, it has been a crazy busy past few months with balancing work and school! Trust me, I completely understand; I am in the same boat with you! I think a white chocolate mocha and doughnuts are in order. How is grad school going Fill me in since I haven’t been able to catch up with you in so long! Well, it has been amazing and stressful so far. However, the idea of becoming a School Counselor is in real reach for me. My Counseling Theory class has been a real eye opener! I feel like I have learned so much in one week and also realized that I have a lot to learn still. Oh that is awesome! What are some of the things you have learned so far in the class? Well, this past week we have been discussing psychoanalytic theory and Freud. I am sure you have heard of some of Freud’s theories and thoughts before right? Oh yeah I remember some things about Freud from the psychology course I took at Thiel. Ha-Ha I thought so, awesome! Honestly, I feel that psychoanalytic theory is a little bit out there for me personally; however there is some elements to the theory that I feel can be valuable to counselors today. Freud’s thought of personality that is divided as the id, ego and superego, I believe still has a lot value to a counselor today. I have heard of those terms before, can you explain a little bit of each? Yes definitely! The id is entirely in the unconscious in which we as a person are not aware ofShow MoreRelatedMy Future Career As A Mental Health Counselor2126 Words   |  9 Pagessuccessful counselor, you must have the skills and ability to listen; especially without judgement. My desire is to work mainly with adolescents and their families inside and outside of schools; I will focus on resolving the identity versus role confusion conflict. I have enjoyed learning about the different techniques and theories of counseling; I am sure each theory is very useful in m any ways. 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Dissertation Introduction Free Essays

How to write a dissertation introduction? our site – FREE ESSAYS – DISSERTATION EXAMPLES You have done all your research, and now you have come to the crunch, when you have to sit down and begin writing your dissertation. The introduction is not merely a description of the contents of your dissertation. In the introduction you will have to briefly outline the research question or hypothesis you are setting out to answer and give a few of the reasons why this is a worthwhile contribution to the body of research which exists on the same broad topic. We will write a custom essay sample on Dissertation Introduction or any similar topic only for you Order Now You can also, in your introduction, outline some of your main results. The Abstract Perhaps, according to your university’s regulations, you will have to write an abstract, and this is a test of your summarizing skills, as the word limit is usually 200 words, although you should again check with your tutor and the department for the word limit requirement. In an abstract you have to outline what your research is about in essence. This will take some time although it is short, as you will need to get all the important features of your work into it. You will probably have to write quite a few drafts before you get it right, so you shouldn’t get down-hearted-everyone has problems with an abstract. Background to the Research Your introduction should begin with the background to your research, and this is especially necessary if your work covers more than one field, as you have to satisfy the marker that you have understood the concepts of both, and you need to explain some of the concepts for the marker or examiner whose specialty is only in one of the fields you have covered. This section of the introduction may, in most cases, not be required. First of all, if you do not need the above-mentioned section, you should state your aims and objectives of your research clearly. You should also give reasons why you chose this particular topic for your research. Perhaps your research is academic and building on the research work of others; if this is the case, do not be tempted to write a great deal about it here, as this will be covered in the Literature Review section. You should make this section as clear and concise as possible. You do not have to give the reasons for you choice of research methods here, as this will go into the Methodology section. Explain your Title Next you may feel the need to explain the title, most of these have two parts, divided by a colon. You may need to explain the phrase after the colon. For example:- â€Å"Principles and Practices of Teaching English as an Additional Language: A Comparison between two Schools in adjoining counties in the UK† In this case you would have to explain why you chose to compare those two schools and state, briefly what the main differences are in teaching methodology. Research Question(s) or Hypothesis The next step is that you state the specific research question or hypothesis which you have set out to answer or prove (or disprove). You will come back to this again in your conclusion. Exclusions You are almost done with your Introduction now, but can add Exclusions here. These have to be mentioned somewhere and the Introduction is as good a place as any. You could write something like: – â€Å"The scope of this research does not lend itself to a consideration of†¦ because of time constraints/space and so on. Or â€Å"The focus of this research, unlike that of previous work in this area is on†¦ while most of the other studies carried out in this area have focused on†¦. The Format of your Dissertation You will also need to describe the format of the dissertation, outlining, chapter by chapter how it becomes a coherent whole. You can leave this part until the end if that is how you would prefer to work, although it is a good idea to have mapped out the sections clearly and agreed these with your tutor before you start writing. Finally you have completed your introduction- a very good start to the dissertation! How to cite Dissertation Introduction, Essays

Design of Experiments Assignment

Questions: Aids and Questions for Article 2: Engle, T. J., and J. E. Hunton. 2001. The effects of small monetary incentives on response quality and ratss in the positive confirmation of account receivable balances. Auditing: A Journal ofPractice Theory 20(1) (March): 157-168. Aids: 1. Don't get lost in the details of the experiment. Concentrate on the main conclusions of the article and on the general method that the authors used to support their conclusions. 2. Like article I. this study us. LOG1T analysis. You may want to refer to your article I notes. Questions: 1. On p. 160, the authors assert that the audit environment has unique features that would cause one to question whether the research results of marketing and public opinion studies would apply to the audit context. For each of the factors listed by the authors, indicate how it might cause the effects of monetary incentives on response quality in auditing to differ from those in marketing/public opinion contexts. 2. The authors conclude that small monetary incentives reduce response quality. On what evidence do the authors base their conclusion? 3. Auditors confirm accounts receivable primarily for the validity (existence) assertion. What evidence, if any, does this study provide about the effectiveness of confirmations for testing the validity assertion? Is this "news" to practicing auditors? (Do not consider the effect of the small monetary incentives in answering these questions; i.e., consider the entire sample altogether.) 4. A secondary objective for accounts receivable confirmation is the valuation assertion. What evidence, if any, does this study provide about the effectiveness of confirmations with respect to the valuation assertion? (Hint: Estimate the detection risk associated with confirmations in this study.) Is this -news" to practicing auditors? (Again, do not consider the effect of the small monetary incentives in answering these questions; i.e., group all the incentive conditions together.) 5. Answer either a. or b.: a. What methods (other than monetary incentives) could be used to increase response rate? b. What methods (other than monetary incentives) could be used to increase response quality? Answers: 1. In current era, as the discussion takes place and according to theories and researches, the effect of monetary incentives on response quality is not clear. In most of studies and researches while clarifying this issue, observation on survey of marketing or public opinion polling takes place. Whereas many things such as whether monetory incentives affect response quality in audit confirmation applications still remains question. Investigating the impact of small monitory incentives on response quality of confirmation request is primary goal of this research. It is clear that response rates and quality related to each other. Thus collection and examination of these factors takes place. 2. Authors concluded that the small monetary incentives reduce response quality. For the testing of their claim or hypothesis, they use the statistical test of hypothesis for proving that claim whether the small monetary incentives reduce the response quality or not. They use the statistical tests like t-test or ANOVA and then by using the p-value getting for this test, they reject or do not reject the null hypothesis regarding their claim. 3. To test the validity assertion, the effectiveness of confirmation is effective factor because we get variation factors due to this reason. Taking entire sample of monetary incentives we get the variation pattern among the different incentives. For this case, we choose entire sample by ignoring the small monetary incentives. 4. The estimated detection risk associated with the confirmations shows that the secondary objective for the accounts receivable confirmation is the valuation assertion. The estimated high or low risk confirms the different issues regarding the confirmations. 5. To increase the response rate or response quality, the method of response quality matrices is very useful for increasing the response rate or response quality. References: George Casella, Roger L. Berger, Statistical Inference, 2nd ed., Duxbury Press, 2001. David R. Cox, D. V. Hinkley, Theoretical Statistics, Chapman Hall/CRC, 1979. Peter J. Bickel, Kjell A. Doksum, Mathematical Statistics, Volume 1, Basic Ideas and Selected Topics, 2rd ed. Prentice Hall, 2001. T. S. Ferguson, Mathematical Statistics: A Decision Theoretic Approach, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1967 Harald Cramr, Mathematical Methods of Statistics, Princeton, 1946